Intra-Arterial Lidocaine Blunts the Trigeminocardiac Reflex during Endovascular Treatment of a Carotid-Cavernous Fistula

Figure 1

The trigeminocardiac reflex arc via branches of the trigeminal nerve in the cavernous sinus. TCR could also be initiated by stimulation of the dura mater supplied by branches of the trigeminal nerve.