Case Report
A 32-Year-Old Female with AIDS, Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia, and Methemoglobinemia
Table 1
Causes of methemoglobinemia.
| Congenital | Abnormal hemoglobin | Hemoglobin MBoston | Hemoglobin MHyde Park | Hemoglobin MIwate | Hemoglobin MMilwaukee | Hemoglobin MRatnagiri | Hemoglobin Ms | Hemoglobin MSaskatoon | Enzyme deficiency | Cytochrome b5/NADH reductase deficiencies (Types I–IV) | G6PD deficiency | NADPH-flavin reductase deficiency | Acquired | Anti-infectives | Chloroquine | Dapsone | Nitrofurans | Primaquine | Rifampin | Sulfanilamide (topical) | Sulfonamides | Sulfoxone | Chemicals | Acetanilide | Alloxan | Aniline derivatives | Aromatic amines | Arsine | Bivalent copper | Chlorates | Chromates | Dimethyl sulfoxide | Dimethyltoluidine | Ferricyanide | Hydroxylamine | Naphthalene | Phenacetin | Toluidine | Phenols | Drugs | Acetaminophen (metabolites) | Clofazimine | Flutamide | Methylene blue (high dose) | Isosulfan blue | Metoclopramide | Nitric oxide | Nitrous oxide | Paraquat | Phenazopyridine | Phenytoin | Rasburicase | Resorcinol | Sodium valproate | Sulfasalazine | Environmental/occupational | Automobile exhaust fumes | Inks | Nitrites | Paints | Propellants | Room deodorizer | Varnishes | Foods | Menthol | Fava beans | Vegetables (spinach, beets, and carrots) | Well water | Local anesthetics | Benzocaine | Bupivacaine | Lidocaine | Prilocaine | Tetracaine (lozenges) | Nitrates | Alkyl nitrate | Amyl nitrate | Bismuth subnitrate | Butyl nitrate | Dinitrophenol | Isobutyl nitrate | Nitrobenzene | Nitroglycerin | Nitrophenol | Nitroprusside | Silver nitrate | Trinitrotoluene |
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Adapted from [7–14].
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