Abnormal Breathing Patterns Predict Extubation Failure in Neurocritically Ill Patients

Table 1

Neurologically driven breathing patterns and anatomic correlation.

Respiratory control centers	Function	Abnormal breathing pattern associated with injury
Cerebral hemisphere	Regulates respiratory center located in pons and medulla	Cheyne stokes breathing pattern
Midbrain	Rate of inspiration	Hyperventilation
Pons
Pneumotaxic center	Intensity of respiration	Cluster breathing pattern
Apneustic center	Rate of inspiration	Apneustic breathing pattern
Medulla oblongata
Ventral breathing center	Responsible for expiratory movement	Ataxic breathing pattern
Dorsal breathing center