|
| Author/year | Materials and methods | Country | Number of mandibular canines | Root canal configuration |
| Type I (1) (%) | Prevalence of 2 apical foramina’s (%) |
|
| Pineda and Kuttler 1972 [9] | Periapical radiographs | Mexico | 187 | 81.5% | 5%
(birooted) |
| Green 1973 [10] | Microscopic inspection of longitudinal sections | USA | 100 | 87% | 3%
(type IV ) |
| Kerekes and Tronstad 1977 [11] | Microscopic inspection of cross-sections | Norway | 20 | 90% | 10%
(5% birooted and 5% type V ) |
| Hession 1977 [12, 13] | Periapical radiographs and contrast dye | Australia | 9 | 88.9% | 11.1%
(birooted) |
| Vertucci 1974 [14] and1984 [3] | Clearing and staining with China ink | USA | 100 | 78% | 6%
(type IV ) |
| Pécora et al. 1993 [15] | Clearing and staining with China ink | Brazil | 830 | 92.2% | 2.9%
(1.7% birooted and 1.2% type IV ) |
| Matzer 1993 [16] | Clearing and staining with China ink | Guatemala
Republic | 50 | 96% | 4%
(birooted) |
| Calişkan et al. 1995 [17] | Clearing and staining with China ink | Turkey | 100 | 80.3% | 1.9%
(type V ) |
| Sikri and Kumar 2003 [18] | Periapical radiographs and clearing | India | 100 | 70% | 12%
(10% type IV and 2% type V ) |
Sert and Bayirli 2004 [19],
Sert et al. 2004 [20] | Clearing and staining with China ink | Turkey | 200 | 76% | 1.5%
(type IV ) |
| Oliveira and Lorio 2007 [21] | Periapical radiographs and clearing and staining with China ink | Brazil | 1040 | 91.9% | 1.1% |
| Rahimi et al. 2013 [22] | Clearing and staining with China ink | Iran | 149 | 80.5% | 12%
(birooted) |
| Amardeep et al. 2014 [23] | CBCT | India | 250 | 79.6% | 2%
(type V ) |
|
