Management of Retrograde Peri-Implantitis Using an Air-Abrasive Device, Er,Cr:YSGG Laser, and Guided Bone Regeneration

Table 1

Etiological factors of RPI.

At the time of implant placement	Preexisting disease related to a tooth
(1) Contamination of the surgical bed	(1) Endodontic pathology associated with an extracted tooth
(2) Excessive heat or compression over the time of implant placement	(2) Retained root tip
(3) Presence of remnants of milling	(3) Preexisting bone disease
(4) Overextended osteotomy	(4) Adjacent tooth with periapical radiolucency
(5) Presence of a foreign body	(5) Remaining cells from a cyst or granuloma
(6) Premature loading leading to bone microfractures