Abstract
Background. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder with heterogeneous etiology. Typical features consist of oligo/anovulation, polycystic ovaries, and features of hyperandrogenism. Pathogenesis is multifactorial, and positive family history may have a predisposition for disease development. The syndrome is associated with multiple metabolic and nonmetabolic entities. As the disease is involved with multiple adverse outcomes, the successful treatment is pivotal. Among the more advanced options, the unilateral oophorectomy is considered as a last resort to alleviate the symptoms. Case Presentation. A 29-year-old female presented to us with oligomenorrhea, severe hirsutism, androgenic pattern hair loss, acne, increased skin pigmentation, and secondary subfertility. On examination, she was obese with a body mass index (BMI) of 29.6 kg/m2. She had evidence of acanthosis nigricans, androgenic pattern balding, acne, dorsal, supraclavicular fat deposition, and moderate-severe hirsutism. Investigations confirmed excess right ovarian testosterone secretion which led to the ultimate management with right oophorectomy with successful alleviation of clinical features. Conclusions. The multifaceted medical treatment comprises the first-line therapy in PCOS. Surgery is considered as a second-line option in resistant PCOS following failure of initial therapeutic options. We report a case of resistant polycystic ovary syndrome with secondary subfertility and moderate-to-severe hirsutism who was successfully treated with unilateral oophorectomy with favorable results.
1. Introduction
Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common endocrine disorder in premenopausal women. The prevalence of the disease varies depending on the population studied and ranges from 4–20% [1, 2]. The syndrome is characterized by the presence of oligo/anovulation, polycystic ovary appearance on imaging and clinical and biochemical features of hyperandrogenism. The diagnostic criteria had been evolved over past few decades, and many experts recommend the Rotterdam criteria in making the diagnosis at present [3]. The pathogenesis is thought to be multifactorial with possible involvement of genetic and environmental factors [4]. The disorder is associated with numerous other metabolic and nonmetabolic diseases which render to the increased morbidity and mortality linked to the disease [5–8]. Multiple treatment options are available for successful treatment of the disease which are mainly guided by the treatment goals [9]. Surgery has been used as a possible treatment option for infertility resistant to other treatment methods but is less popular as a method to treat hyperandrogenic symptoms resistant to other treatment [10].
2. Case Report
A 29-year-old previously healthy mother of one child presented with oligomenorrhea, severe hirsutism, androgenic pattern hair loss, acne, increased skin pigmentation, and secondary subfertility over five-year duration. Her cycles occurred once in every 3-4 months with bleeding lasting 5–7 days. She did not complain of associated dysmenorrhea. She has attained menarche at the age of 13 years and had regular menstrual cycles thereafter until five years back. A family history of a similar endocrinopathy was not evident.
On examination, she was obese with a body mass index (BMI) of 29.6 kg/m2. She had evidence of acanthosis nigricans, androgenic pattern balding, acne, and dorsal and supraclavicular fat deposition without any other specific features of Cushing’s syndrome (Figure 1). Skin had a generalized increased in pigmentation without any predisposition to specific areas. Ferriman–Gallwey score was sixteen out of thirty-three which was suggestive of moderate-severe disease. Her systemic examination was nonsignificant.
On laboratory evaluation, her total testosterone was 215 ng/dL, luteinizing hormone (LH) was 7.27 IU/L, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was 7.42 IU/L. The thyroid profile, serum prolactin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and stimulated 17-hydroxyprogesterone (OHP) were found to be normal. Imaging with transvaginal ultrasound scan and MRI-pelvis revealed enlarged ovaries with multiple peripheral cysts which was suggestive of bilateral polycystic ovary syndrome. CECT of adrenal glands was found to be normal. A summary of the investigations is depicted in Table 1.
3. Conclusion: Features Suggestive of Polycystic Ovaries
For further evaluation of markedly elevated serum total testosterone levels, she underwent bilateral adrenal and ovarian venous sampling which revealed a significant high testosterone levels being secreted from the right ovary (Figure 3, Table 2).
She was started on medical nutrition therapy, metformin, antiandrogen (spironolactone), local therapy, and later a trial of GnRH analogs which were all found to be ineffective. To improve fertility, she underwent bilateral ovarian drilling without any successful outcomes. Enlarged bilateral ovaries with typical polycystic appearance were evident on laparoscopy (Figure 4).
Failing all the above treatments, she underwent right-sided oophorectomy which was the culprit ovary for the highest testosterone production as the last resort. Histology was compatible with polycystic ovary disease with multiple ovarian follicles, some with luteinized cells and stromal hyperplasia (Figure 5). In contrast, the presence of steroidogenically active nests of luteinized theca cells scattered in the ovarian stroma is seen in ovarian hyperthecosis. These cell clusters arise from the differentiation of the ovarian interstitial cells into luteinized stromal cells [11]. The clinical presentation of the two conditions may be similar though PCOS is commonly seen in premenopausal females, while ovarian hyperthecosis is more prevalent in the postmenopausal age group.
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Following surgery, she had improvement of her clinical symptoms including hirsutism, regularization of the menstrual cycles, and normalization of total serum testosterone levels (46 ng/dL) and is currently under our follow-up for more than one year without any clinical or biochemical deterioration.
4. Discussion
PCOS is mainly a clinical diagnosis made in conjunction with recommended diagnostic criteria. Though multiple diagnostic criteria are available at present, the commonly used is the criteria defined by the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ESHRE/ASRM), Rotterdam criteria [3]. Nevertheless, other supportive investigation including biochemistry, imaging, and histology contribute to the diagnostic accuracy. Selective venous catheterization, which is an invasive modality of investigation, has been successfully employed to aid in the localization and the diagnosis of the source of androgen secretion. Even though ovarian venous sampling is not used as a routine investigation, the utilization of the test can rule out possible malignant causes and plan more selective, third-line treatment options in the presence of significant hyperandrogenism as in the index patient [12]. Nonetheless, difficulty in catheterization and the invasiveness of the procedure may limit its successful use [13].
The treatment of the disease should be guided by the goals of therapy [9]. First-line treatment consists of lifestyle interventions including diet and exercise targeted in achieving significant weight loss [9]. Further treatment will depend on the fertility wishes which include hormonal contraceptives, metformin therapy, clomiphene citrate, letrozole, and gonadotrophin therapy [9]. Surgery has been rarely practiced as a possible treatment option for infertility resistant to other treatment methods [14]. Out of the available surgical options, laparoscopic ovarian drilling is an established treatment option for infertility for women resistant to medical therapy [15]. Though the exact mechanism is not clear, the destruction of ovarian follicles and stroma leading to a reduction in androgen and inhibin levels, which drives the pathogenesis and a subsequent rise in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, is the most possible explanation [16]. Utilization of surgical options such as ovarian drilling, wedge resection, unilateral or bilateral oophorectomy is less considered for the management of resistant hyperandrogenism manifested by hirsutism, acne etc., though some studies have demonstrated improved clinical outcomes [10, 17, 18]. Literature suggests the possibility of decreased androgen and LH levels following surgery which may contribute the favorable clinical outcomes, though the results are inconsistent [10]. Unilateral oophorectomy remains an uncommon option that can be exerted in resistant patients who has undergone multiple medical and conservative surgical treatment. However, theoretically, removal of one ovary can lead to less production of androgens and can lead to improvement of clinical features and fertility [14]. Studies have demonstrated that unilateral oophorectomy can restore regular menstruation and fertility in majority [14]. Ovarian surgery has not generally been demonstrated to have an effect on the severity of hirsutism, but has been suggested to decrease hair growth rate in some women [19, 20]. There are insufficient and conflicting data to assess acne as an outcome [18, 21]. The possibility of the disease recurrence despite initial improvement at a later date remains a possibility, and active vigilance should be carried out indefinitely [14]. The index patient had a significant improvement in the androgenic features including hirsutism, acne, and androgenic pattern hair loss as well as regularization of menstrual cycles following surgery.
This case highlights the importance of further evaluation of resistant PCOS patients with more advanced investigations such as ovarian venous sampling and consideration of aggressive surgical interventions such as unilateral oophorectomy which can yield successful outcomes. Furthermore, consideration of unilateral oophorectomy in the event of unilateral testosterone hypersecretion can be limited in the reproductive age group due to concomitant fertility wishes. Nevertheless, further study of similar case reports and more detailed research will be beneficial in the future and will add up to the options available for treatment in the resistant patients for conventional treatment.
5. Conclusions
In conclusion, here, we have described a rare case of resistant polycystic ovary syndrome who presented to us with severe hirsutism and was found to have unilateral secretion of very high testosterone levels. She was successfully treated with unilateral oophorectomy of the culprit ovary indicating that surgery can be considered in resistant patients as a last resort.
Abbreviations
| PCOS: | Polycystic ovary syndrome |
| BMI: | Body mass index |
| LH: | Luteinizing hormone |
| FSH: | Follicle-stimulating hormone |
| DHEAS: | Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate |
| 17-OHP: | 17-hydroxyprogesterone |
| MRI: | Magnetic resonance imaging |
| CECT: | Contrast-enhanced computed tomography |
| LDDST: | Low-dose dexamethasone suppression test |
| THS: | Thyroid stimulating hormone |
| ESHRE/ASRM: | European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine. |
Data Availability
Clinical details and results of investigations are documented in bed head tickets. Bed head tickets are available in the record room of District General Hospital, Kaluthara, and National Hospital of Sri Lanka. Most of the original reports are with the patient.
Consent
The authors have obtained informed written consent from the patient to report and publish about her illness anonymously.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Authors’ Contributions
S. Pathmanathan, I. Ranathunga, and N. P. Somasundaram were involved in the history taking, examination, diagnosing, and management of patient’s condition and prepared the manuscript for publication. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.