Hypercalcemic Encephalopathy as an Initial Presentation of Multiple Myeloma

Table 1

Differential diagnosis of metabolic encephalopathy and mechanisms in multiple myeloma.

A. Differential diagnosis of acute metabolic encephalopathies	B. Mechanism of encephalopathy in multiple myeloma
1. Septic encephalopathy	1. Hypercalcemia
2. Hepatic encephalopathy	2. Hyperviscosity
3. Uremic encephalopathy	3. Uremia
4. Hyponatremia/hypernatremia	4. Hyperammonemia
5. Hypercalcemia	5. Leptomeningeal myelomatosis (LMM)
6. Hypoglycemia
7. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
8. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
9. Wernicke encephalopathy