Use of Lumen-Apposing Stents for the Treatment of Postsurgical Fluid Collections: A Case Series and a Review of Literature

Table 1

Authors, Year, Place	Number of patients, Study design	Indication	Stent type and route, size	Average size of collection Success rate; (TS, CS)	Time to resolution (TRL) and stent removal (TRO)	Average follow up	Complication rate	Complications
Mudireddy et al. 2018; US	Multi; center, retro; spective, n=47	Pancreatic surgery; Extra; pancreatic surgery; Previous failed PCD or surgical drainage; (13/47)	LAMS; Hot 76%; Cold; 24%; TG 72%; TR 17%; TD; 11%; 15mm 70%; 10 mm 30%	78.6 mm; TS-93.6%; (overall); TS- 100%; (pancreatic); CS-89.3%; (overall); CS- 96%; (pancreatic); Necrosectomy 6	TRL- 27.4 d; TRO- 36 d	1-8 weeks	Intra-procedural; 4.25%; Post-procedural; 6.4%	Intra-procedural; Stent mis deployment; N=2,; Post procedural; Perforation, N=1; Stent migration; N=1; Infection; N=1
Donatelli et al; 2017	Single center, Retrospective,; N=32	Post pancreatic; N=10; (31%)	DPS	TS 100%; CS 93.4%		13.5 months	Immediate 12.5 %	Bleeding; N=1; Stent migration; N=3(all rectal)
Tellez-Avilla; 2015	Retrospective; N=43	Pancreatic 4/13; (30.8%); Prior PCD 2/13	DPS; Mean size 6.5 cm; TG 87.5%; TD 12.5 %	TS 100%; CS 100%			None
Gupta; 2012; Europe	Retrospective,; N=43	Pancreatic surg 57%; Extrapancreatic surgery; Previous failed PCD or surgical drainage; 13/47	DPS; TG 85.7%; TD 6%	TS; CS 80% -8 weeks; CS 90% later follow up		60 weeks	14.6%	Early: Bleeding; N=4; Stent migration; Late: Colonic fistula; N=1
Azeem; 2012; Mayo	Retrospective,; Total; N=48; PCD; N= 33; EUS GD; N=15	Post pancreatic tail resection	DPS; FCSEMS(n=1); TP 12/21; TG 13 /21; TD 3/21; Debridement 2/48	7 cm; TS 100%; CS 80%			9.6%	Delayed bleeding n=2; Stent migration n=1
Varadarajulu 2009; Alabama	Prospective, case series.; N=10	Post-distal pancreatectomy; Prior PCD; N=1	DPS; TG; 9 /10; TO 1/10	91.4mm; TS 100%; CS 90%	TRL; 8 wk; TRO; 8 wk	151		Stent migration n=1
Varadarajulu, 2011; Alabama	Retrospective,; N=20	Post-distal pancreatectomy; Prior PCD or; pancreatic stents 10/20	DPS; TG; 85%; TO; 15%	78.5 mm; TS 100%; CS 100%		199 days	None
Kwon; 2013; MSKCC	Retrospective; Total; N=23; PCD; N= 12; EUS –GD; N= 9 including (3 with prev PCD)	Post-distal pancreatectomy; Previous PCD 3/23	DPPS; TG; Necrosectomy; 4/12	89 mm; TS 100%; CS 100%	TRL 57 days			Intra-procedural none; Post-procedure; Small bowel obstruction; N=1; Bleeding gastric ulcer; N=1

TS: technical success, CS: clinical success, TRL: time to resolution, TRO: time to removal, PCD: percutaneous drainage, LAMS: lumen-apposing metal stent, TG: transgastric, TD: transduodenal, TR: transrectal, TO: transesophageal, DPS: double pigtail stent, FCSEMS: fully covered self-expanding metal stent, and EUS-GD: endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage.