Increased IL-17, a Pathogenic Link between Hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Hypothesis

Figure 2

Simplified hypothetical model of immune cell interaction. ↑ = activation, induction; T = inhibition, reduction; BDNF = brain derived neurotrophic factor; DAMP = danger associated molecular pattern; G-CSF = granulocyte-colony stimutating factor; GDGF = glial-cell-derived neurotrophic factor; IGF-1 = insulin-like growth factor; IL = interleukin; Mi = microglia; M0 = nonactivated macrophages; M1 = classically activated macrophages; M2 = alternatively activated macrophages; PAMP = pathogen associated molecular pattern; PRRs = PAMP recognition receptors; and TGF-𝛽 = transforming growth factor-𝛽.