Overview of Ralstonia species infections Age (years) Gender Potential offending agent Infection Antibiotics used Surgery Outcome Our case 1 51 Female Iron infusions Endocarditis Levofloxacin AVR Died Graber et al. [7 ] 1 33 Male IV drug abuse Endocarditis∗ Penicillin + chloramphenicol None Died Poty et al. [19 ] 4 Adults — Ion-exchange resin Bacteremia — None 2 died Timm et al. [20 ] 10 Neonates — Acetic acid cleaning solution Pneumonia — None 1 died Moreira et al. [21 ] 13 Adults — “Sterile” water for injection Bacteremia Ciprofloxacin + gentamicin None All survived 3 Neonates — Bacteremia Ampicillin + gentamicin None 2 died Vitaliti et al. [22 ] 1 26 weeks gestation Female — Bacteremia Cephalosporin + meropenem + aminoglycoside None Died Stelzmueller et al. [23 ] 38 Adults — None identified Pneumonia — None All survived Forgie et al. [26 ] 2 Neonates — ECMO circuits Bacteremia Tobramycin + piperacillin-tazobactam None 1 died Kismet et al. [27 ] 2 Toddlers Females Port-A-Cath Bacteremia Meropenem + cefepime Removal of Port-A-Cath All survived Kimura et al. [28 ] 18 Neonates — Heparin flush Bacteremia Piperacillin None All survived Strateva et al. [29 ] 1 75 Female Hemodialysis system Bacteremia Levofloxacin None Survived
Fernández et al. [11 ] 46 — — IV Ranitidine Bacteremia — None All survived Kahan et al. [30 ] 6 — — 0.05% chlorhexidine Bacteremia — — — Roberts et al. [10 ] 19 — — “Sterile” water Bacteremia — — — Raveh et al. [31 ] 4 — — IV catheters Bacteremia — — — Fujita et al. [32 ] 1 53 Male IV catheter Bacteremia Cefazolin None Survived Mikulska et al. [33 ] 10 — — None identified Bacteremia 3rd generation cephalosporins + amikacin or carbapenems None 1 died Woo et al. [34 ] 1 7 Male Cord blood transplant Bacteremia Cefoperazone/sulbactam + ciprofloxacin None Survived Marroni et al. [35 ] 9 Adults — Heparin solution Bacteremia — None All survived
Adiloǧlu et al. [36 ] 1 Neonate — Distilled incubator water Bacteremia — None Survived Candoni et al. [37 ] 20 Adults — None identified Bacteremia — None All survived Japp et al. [38 ] 1 — — None identified Bacteremia — None — Hansen et al. [39 ] 1 — — IV catheter Bacteremia — None Survived Chomarat et al. [40 ] 1 — — None identified Bacteremia — — Survived Lazarus et al. [41 ] 1 Adult — In vitro handling process Bacteremia — None Survived
Marroni et al. [35 ] 6 — — Purified saline Bacteremia — None All survived
Yoneyama et al. [42 ] 17 Adults — 0.05% chlorhexidine aqueous solution Bacteremia — None All survived
Lacey and Want [9 ] 7 Children — “Sterile” distilled water Bacteremia — None All survived Chetoui et al. [43 ] 6 Adults — “Sterile” saline Bacteremia — None All survived Maki et al. [12 ] 9 Adults — Pre-drawn fentanyl syringes Bacteremia — None All survived
Gardner and Shulman [13 ] 9 Infants — Tracheal irrigant solution Respiratory infection — None All survived Trotter et al. [44 ] 1 5 Male None identified Pneumonia TMP-SMX Decortication Survived Hagadorn et al. [45 ] 1 Neonate — Home water birth Pneumonia — — —
Miñambres et al. [46 ] 1 Adult — None identified Pneumonia — None Survived MMWR [16 ] 13 Children 9 Female 0.9% sodium chloride solution Colonization — None All survived MMWR [14 ] 5 Infants — 0.9% sodium chloride solution Colonization — None All survived Labarca et al. [17 ] 34 — — 0.9% sodium Chloride Pneumonia — None 5 died Pan et al. [47 ] 1 65 Male None identified Pneumonia Imipenem-cilastatin Chest tube Survived Ahkee et al. [48 ] 1 41 Male Respiratory therapy solution Pneumonia Aztreonam Thoracentesis Survived Kendirli et al. [49 ] 2 2 months Female Ventilator circuit Pneumonia Piperacillin-tazobactam None Survived 14 Male Pneumonia None Died Burns et al. [50 ] 2 Adults — Cystic fibrosis Respiratory infection — None All survived
Wertheim and Markovitz [51 ] 1 71 Male None identified Osteomyelitis TMP-SMX Laminectomy Survived Degeorges et al. [52 ] 1 29 Male None identified Osteomyelitis — Debridement Survived Elsner et al. [53 ] 1 Adult — Hemodialysis machine Spinal osteitis — — — Sudo et al. [54 ] 1 48 Female None identified Spondylitis Cefepime + minocycline None Survived Zellweger et al. [55 ] 1 — Male IV drug abuse Septic arthritis Ceftriaxone — Died
Makaritsis et al. [56 ] 1 83 Female None identified Septic arthritis Ceftazidime Arthrocentesis Survived
Heagney [57 ] 1 — — None identified Meningitis — — — T’Sjoen et al. [58 ] 1 38 Female Ventriculoarterial shunt Meningitis — — —
Fass and Barnishan [59 ] 1 — — None identified Meningitis — None — Yuen et al. [60 ] 1 32 Male None identified Peritonitis Cefuroxime Paracentesis Survived Carrell et al. [61 ] 1 — Male — Seminal infection — None Survived
Parent and Mitchell [62 ] 8 Adults — Crohn’s disease Infection — None All survived Minah et al. [63 ] — — — Myelosuppressed cancer Asymptomatic — — Survived McNeil et al. [15 ] 5 Infants — Respiratory therapy solution Asymptomatic — None All survived Costas et al. [64 ] 28 Infants — None identified Pseudooutbreak — None All survived Heard et al. [65 ] 15 Infants — Contaminated bottles Pseudooutbreak — None All survived
Dimech et al. [8 ] 6 Adults — Detergent disinfectant Pseudobacteremia — None All survived
Lacey and Want [9 ] 25 Adults — Blood culture technique Pseudobacteremia — None All survived Boutros et al. [66 ] 14 — — Culture bottles Pseudobacteremia None None All survived Maroye et al. [67 ] 6 Children — Distilled water Asymptomatic — None All survived Morar et al. [68 ] 1 Child — None identified Asymptomatic — None Survived Yoneyama et al. [42 ] 7 — — Water Asymptomatic — None Survived
