Author, year, Reference Number of cases ( ) Age (years)/gender Site Pathology Microbiology Remarks Shin et al. [3 ], 2004 16 20–56, male : female = 7 : 8 Bone marrow 8/16: chronic granulomatous inflammation (4: well-formed, 4: ill-formed) 4/16: HLH 4/16: reactive marrow 2/16: myeloid hyperplasia 2/16: nonspecific Erythrophagocytosis + Phagocytosis of the debris + Salmonella typhi Culture proven (100%) Early phase: myeloid hyperplasia Proliferative phase-histiocytic hyperplasia, granulomas, and erythrophagocytosis + Lysis phase: well-formed granulomas with erythrophagocytosis +. Young et al. [4 ], 1986 60 10–60 Bone marrow Typhoid cells: 50.8% in BMA; 8/49: granulomas on BMBx (4/8: typhoid cells +) Type of BMG: 6/8: mature histiocytic granuloma, 2/8: epithelioid granuloma Granuloma number: One in 4, two in 3, and four in one Salmonella typhi 34/60: bacteriologically proven; 10/60: serologically proven; 16/60: clinically suspectedNo specific morphology of BMG, BMA culture: high yield Lee et al. [5 ], 1985 27 — Bone marrow Well-formed granuloma (57%), ill formed granuloma (43%) Phagocytosis of nuclear debris, RBCs; ++. No caseation or Langhans giant cells Salmonella typhi Culture proven (100%) Histiocytic phagocytosis, absence of necrosis and Langhans giant cells, clue to diagnosis of typhoid granulomas
Sakhalkar et al. [6 ], 2001 1 2, child with Down syndrome Bone marrow Fever, pancytopenia, hepatomegaly, hemophagocytosis, BMG Salmonella typhi Culture (BMA and blood) EBV positive, Salmonella typhi +
Mert et al. [7 ], 2004
2 55, females Liver and spleen BMA, NAD Noncaseating granulomas Salmonella typhi (blood) 1st case of typhoid splenic granuloma in the English literature. 66, males Bone marrow and liver 2 granulomas in BMBx (noncaseating) 1 microgranuloma in portal region Salmonella typhi Serology Culture (blood, BMA)Lee et al. [8 ], 2004 1 34, males Bone marrow Focal epithelioid granuloma Necrotic debris, phagocytosis not seen Salmonella paratyphi A Culture (blood and BMA) Serology (typhi H); + (1 : 320)— Bharadwaj et al. [9 ], 2009 1 47, males Terminal ileum, mesenteric lymph node Necrotizing and nonnecrotizing epithelioid granulomas, giant cells present Lymphoerythrophagocytosis + (occasional) Salmonella typhi Serology — Present case 2013 1 24, male Bone marrow Well-formed noncaseating granulomas (histiocytic and epithelioid type) Erythrophagocytosis ++ Salmonella typhi Serology Culture (BMA, blood) Erythrophagocytosis is a clue to the diagnosis of typhoid granulomas