Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a Probable Cause of Antibiotic-Associated Enterocolitis

Table 1

Putative and confirmed virulence and toxin genes and associated proteins detected in both MRSA isolates.

	Clinically relevant downstream effects
Toxin genes
entD^a, seb^a	Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE-B and D) which act as superantigens
hla, hld, hlgA, hlgB, hlgC	Cytotoxins
Virulence genes
aur, cap8A, cap8B, cap8C, cap8D, cap8F, cap8G,  cap8L, cap8N, cap8M, cap8O, chp, geh, sbi, scn,  sspB, sspC	Disruption of host complement activity, phagocytosis, and/or immune cell chemotaxis
ebpS, fnb, sdrC	Host tissue adherence
esaA, esaB, esaC, essB, essC, esxA, esxB	Virulence proteins via unclear mechanisms, perhaps modulate host cell apoptosis
hysA, sak	Tissue degradation and invasion
icaA, icaB, icaR	Biofilm formation
isdA, isdB, isdD, isdF, isdG	Iron acquisition
MW0023	Immune modulation
srtB	Modification of bacterial surface proteins
sspA	Modification of bacterial enzymes and cleavage of immunoglobulin G

^aPreviously demonstrated in cases of MRSA antibiotic-associated enterocolitis.