Native Valve Infective Endocarditis Caused by Histoplasma capsulatum in an Immunocompetent Host: The First Case in Asia and Literature Review in Asia and Australia

Table 1

A literature review of infective endocarditis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum in Asia and Australia.

Case number	Country/Year published	Sex/Age (year)	Clinical presentation		Echocardiogram	Diagnostic methodology	Treatment	Outcome
			Signs/Symptoms	Duration
1.	Pakistan/2005 [17]	M/58	Low-grade fever	1 month	Vegetation at aortic prosthesis valve	Premortem	AMB 0.6 mg/kg/day plus AVR surgery and then itraconazole 400 mg/d	Recovered
			Disseminated (IE and bone marrow)			Serology (serum and urine)
			No skin sign of IE			Culture (blood and valve)
2	Australia/2011 [18]	M/83	Low-grade fever	1 month	Vegetation at aortic prosthesis valve	Premortem	AMB plus AVR surgery and then itraconazole	Recovered
			Disseminated (IE, liver, and spleen)			Serology (blood) and histology
			No skin sign of IE			Culture (valve)
3	Thailand/2013 [19]	F/58	Low-grade fever, dyspnea, and weight loss	2 months	2 large vegetations size, 2 × 0.9 cm and 1.1 × 0.7 cm, at mitral prosthesis valve	Premortem	AMB 1 mg/kg/day 6 weeks plus MVR surgery and then itraconazole 400 mg/d	Recovered, emboli to the brain
			No other organ involved			Histology
			Splinter hemorrhage			Culture (valve)
4	Israel/2013 [20]	M/64	Fever and night sweats	6 weeks	TEE showed no evidence of vegetations	Premortem	Itraconazole	Recovered
			Disseminated (lung, mediastinal node, and suspected IE)			Culture, PCR for fungus (mediastinal node)
			Splinter hemorrhage
5	Present study/2020	M/34	Low-grade fever and dyspnea	4 months	1.2 × 0.8 cm vegetation at mitral valve	Premortem	L-AMB 3.0 mg/kg plus AVR and MVR surgery	Death
			Disseminated (lung, skin, oropharynx, and IE)			Histology
			No skin sign of IE			Culture (valve)