Fatal Retroperitoneal Bleeding Caused by Metastasis of a Sigmoid Carcinoma

Table 1

Reported causes of retroperitoneal bleeding (Medline 1950–2010).

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Trauma

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Iatrogenic

 Femoral catheterization

 Central line insertion

 Perforation v. cava + aorta by v. cava filter

 Erosion aorta by spine fixation material

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Vascular

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Aneurysms

 Aorta

 Renal artery

 Adrenal artery

 Uterine artery

 Pancreaticoduodenal artery

 Ovarian artery

Dissection

 Ovarian artery

 Inferior mesenteric artery

Spontaneous rupture

 Portal vein

 Splenic vein

 Superior mesenteric artery

 Uterine artery (at labor)

 Iliac vein

Other vascular causes

 Fibromuscular dysplasia of common iliac artery

 Arteriovenous malformation

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Miscellaneous

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 Idiopathic

 Pancreatic pseudocyst

 Varicosis due to liver cirrhosis

 Iliopsoas muscle bleeding

 Acute cholestatic viral hepatitis

 Dilatation v. cava due to right heart failure.

 Neurofibromatosis type I

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(Ad)renal

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Tumors

 Angiomyolipoma

 Phaeochromocytoma

 Renal cel carcinoma

Infections

 Abces

 Pyelonefritis

 Tuberculosis

Miscellaneous

 (ad)renal cysts

 Renal infarction

 Nephritis/nephrosclerosis

 Lymfangioma

 Transplant rejection

 Transplant rupture

 Kidney stones

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Malignancies

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Tumors

 Thymoma

 Gastric carcinoma

Metastasis

 NCSLC

 Choriocarcinoma

 HCC

 Small cell lung carcinoma

 Chondrosarcoma

 Gastric sarcoma

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Systemic

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Anticoagulants

Vasculitis

Hematologic disorders

 Leukemia

 Polycythemia

 Hemophilia

 ITP

Alcohol and NSAID use

Amyloidosis

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