Hydroxychloroquine Therapy Led to the Diagnosis of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency in an Elderly Patient with COVID-19 Involvement: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Table 1

Characteristics of 11 included studies.

Author, year	Age (year), Gender, Race	Symptoms at presentation	Relevant comorbidities	G6PDhistory	Hemoglobin (g/dl)		G6PDlevel (IU/g Hg)	Peripheral blood smear	Outcome
					Baseline	crisis
Laslett et al. 2021 [8]	60, male, African American	Fever and dizziness and mild shortness of breath	G6PD	Known	14.1	6.8	19.8	Early red cell precursors and hemighost cells	Expired (hemodynamic compromise)
Ali et al. 2021 [9]	57, male, African (Nigerian)	COVID-19 and DKA	Diabetes	New	12.4	7.4	2.8	Hemighost cells	NR
Palmer et al. 2020 [10]	62, male, Africocaribbean	Fever, dyspnea, vomiting, and diarrhea	DM type 2 and HTN	New	16	5.2	0.8	Normochromic normocytic erythrocytes and a few hemighost cells	Discharged
Obeidat et al. 2020 [11]	64, male, NR	Cough and fever	DM, hypothyroidism, and HTN	New	13.2	NR	14 (224–517)	Moderate normochromic, normocytic anemia few ovalocytes, few spherocytes, and mild rouleaux formation with mild neutrophilic leukocytosis with mild absolute lymphopenia	NR
Mastroianni et al. 2020 [12]	32,male, sub-Saharan African	NR	Nothing	New	10	7.7	Below 0.2	No schistocytes or reticulocytosis	Discharged
Maillart et al. 2020 [13]	65, male, African	Hypoxemia	HTN and type 2 diabetes	New	13.3	Below detection	Below 0.2	NR	NR
Kuipers et al. 2020 [14]	56, male, NR	Myalgia and a dry cough	DM type2	New	11.4	NR	0.1	Blister cells	NR
Dickinson et al. 2020 [15]	60, male, African American	Fever and shortness of breath	HTN and type 2 diabetes	New	12	6.8	Normal	Schistocytes and spherocytes	Expired (refractory shock)
Franceschi et al. 2020 [16]	72, male, Caucasian	Fatigue, dyspnea, dizziness, and fever	Ischemic cardiomyopathy	New	15	12.5	NR	Anisopoikilocytosis; reticulocytes as large and round-shaped cells; some “hemighost”	NR
Beauverd et al. 2020 [17]	68, male, Congolese	Fever, dyspnea, muscular pain, and tiredness	Type 2 DM, HTN, and chronic renal insufficiency	New	12	6.5	2.5	Numerous hemi-ghost cells and microspherocytes	NR
Aguilar et al. 2020 [18]	51, male, African American	Fevers, myalgia, and dry cough, and worsening shortness of breath	Type 2 DM, HTN, and morbid obesity	New	14.5	5.9	Abnormal	Positive schistocyte	Discharged

NR, not reported; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; G6PD, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension.