Acute Kidney Failure in a Young African American Male

Table 1

Etiologic factors and clinical manifestations of retroperitoneal fibrosis.

Etiologic factors
Drugs	Methysergide and other ergot alkaloids, and less commonly, beta blockers, methyldopa, hydralazine, analgesics, etanercept, infliximab
Malignancy	Lymphoma, sarcoma, carcinoid, metastatic disease from primary cancers [e.g. gastrointestinal, breast, lung, genitourinary tract, thyroid])
Proliferative/infiltrative diseases	Erdheim-Chester disease, other histiocytosis, IgG4-related diseases
Infections	Mycobacterium tuberculosis, histoplasmosis, actinomycosis
Others	Radiation, asbestos exposure, trauma, idiopathic
Clinical manifestations
Constitutional symptoms (as a result of underlying disease or consequences of any complications above)	Mild fevers, fatigue, sleepiness, anorexia, hypertension
Circulatory system	Aorta and its branches: Limb ischemia, claudication, testicular pain
	Inferior vena cava: Lower extremity deep venous thrombosis/phlebitis, lower extremity edema, varicocele
Gastrointestinal system	Pancreas: Pancreatitis (may be associated with underlying etiology of RPF, i.e. IgG4-related disease)
	Intestines (duodenum, ascending and descending colong): Abdominal pain (typically back, nonspecific to lower abdomen), abdominal distension, nausea, weight loss
Urinary tract	Adrenals: Fatigue, malaise
	Kidneys, ureters: Oliguria, anuria, kidney failure
Lymphatic system	Lumbar lymph nodes: Lower extremity edema, testicular hydrocele