Acute Renal Failure in a Patient with Rivaroxaban-Induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome: A Case Report with a Review of the Literature and of Pharmacovigilance Registries

Table 2

Clinical characteristics of the full-published case reports of rivaroxaban-associated acute renal failure.

Country	Age (y)	Sex	Comorbidities	Nephrological signs	Time to appearance	Renal biopsy	Treatment	Evolution
France (2017) [2]	87	M	Hypertension	ARF with conserved diuresis	2 days	TIN	Steroids (0.5 mg/kg for 1 month followed by a taper schedule)	Partial recovery
			Dyslipidemia	Proteinuria 1 g/l
			Heart failure	Microscopic hematuria
			Atrial fibrillation	Leucocyturia
			Stroke in the past
			Carotid artery stenosis
			Arteriopathy of the lower limbs
Netherlands (2017) [3]	82	M	Hypertension	ARF with decreased diuresis	3 weeks	TIN	Steroids (40 mg prednisone for 2 weeks followed by a taper schedule of 5 mg/week)	Full recovery
			Pacemaker for a third-degree atrioventricular block	Proteinuria 0.3 g/24 h
			Atrial fibrillation	Microscopic hematuria
			CKD (eGFR 39 ml/min/1.73 m2)	Leucocyturia but concomitant urinary infection
Portugal (2017) [4]	82	F	CKD (eGFR 52.4 ml/min/1.73 m2)	ARF with conserved diuresis; Macroscopic hematuria; Proteinuria 0.56 g/24 h	2 months	Anticoagulant-related nephropathy	N-Acetylcystein 600 mg/day	Chronic hemodialysis
Australia (2018) [5]	45	M	Asthma	ARF with conserved diuresis	7 days	IgA nephropathy	Ramipril	CKD
				Nephrotic range proteinuria
				Microscopic hematuria
				RBC casts
Japan (2019) [6]	75	M	Hypertension	ARF	3 years	Anticoagulant-related nephropathy	No specific treatment was initiated	Chronic hemodialysis
			Diabetes mellitus	Nephrotic range proteinuria
			Atrial fibrillation	Macroscopic hematuria
			Stroke in the past	RBC and granular casts
			IgA vasculitis

F, female; M, male; ARF, acute renal failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; TIN, tubulointerstitial nephritis; RBC, red blood cells.