Bilateral Ureteral Stenosis with Hydronephrosis as First Manifestation of Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener’s Granulomatosis): A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Table 1

Causes of bilateral or potentially bilateral ureteral obstruction.

Urinary tract malformations	Several mainly congenital pediatric diseases
Urolithiasis and endoluminal obstruction	Calculi, papillary necrosis with sloughed papilla, blood clots, fungus balls
Intrinsic ureteral obstruction	Transitional cell carcinoma and other malignant neoplasms fibroepithelial polyps, ureteritis cystica
Extrinsic ureteral obstuction	Abdominopelvic tumors, lymphoma, retroperitoneal fibrosis endometriosis, sarcoidosis
Systemic and inflammatory diseases	Small-vessel vasculitis, periarteritis nodosa, Churg–Strauss, Henoch–Schönlein purpura, eosinophilic ureteritis, RA
Ureteral localization of infections	Fungal (actinomycosis), tuberculosis, bacterial, viral (immunocompromised host)
Miscellaneous	Pregnancy, slowed peristalsis, obstructed stent, postoperative

Adapted from references [6–23]. Some can cause either intrinsic or extrinsic obstruction. RA = rheumatoid arthritis.