Hypercalcemia, Acute Kidney Injury, and Metabolic Alkalosis

Table 2

Causes of PTH-independent hypercalcemia.

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Hypercalcemia mediated by elevated levels of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D

 Granulomatous disorders

 Foreign material (e.g., silicone)

 Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

Hypercalcemia from excess calcium intake

 Calcium-alkali syndrome

 Calcium sulfate beads

 Calcium alginate

Hypercalcemia medicated by PTH-related protein

 Malignancy

 Benign tumors

 Sarcoidosis

 Systemic lupus erythematous

 Pregnancy/lactation related

Medications

 Vitamin D and A

 Thiazides

 Foscarnet

 Parenteral nutrition

 Omeprazole in interstitial nephritis

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