Abstract
Background. Alport syndrome results from a hereditary defect of collagen IV synthesis. This causes progressive glomerular disease, ocular abnormalities, and inner ear impairment. Case Presentation. Herein, we present a case of Alport syndrome in a 28-year-old woman caused by a novel mutation (Gly1436del) in the COL4A4 gene that was not unveiled until her first pregnancy. Within the 29th pregnancy week, our patient presented with massive proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome. Light microscopic examination of a kidney biopsy showed typical histological features of segmental sclerosis, and electron microscopy revealed extensive podocyte alterations as well as thickness of glomerular basement membranes with splitting of the lamina densa. One and a half years after childbirth, renal function deteriorated to a preterminal stage, whereas nephrotic syndrome subsided quickly after delivery. Conclusion. This case report highlights the awareness of atypical AS courses and emphasizes the importance of genetic testing in such cases.
1. Background
Alport syndrome (AS) is a hereditary disease that impairs the synthesis of type IV collagen. It clinically presents with progressive glomerular disease, ocular abnormalities, and sensorineural hearing loss [1]. Atypical manifestations include leiomyomatosis and vascular alterations [2].
AS is inherited either X-linked (XLAS, ∼ 80–85% of cases), autosomal dominant (ADAS, ∼ 5%), or autosomal recessive (ARAS, ∼ 10–15%). Mutations can affect the genes COL4A3, COL4A4 (both located on chromosome 2, ADAS or ARAS), and COL4A5 (located on the X-chromosome, XLAS), which encode α3, α4, and α5 chains of type IV collagen, respectively. To date, at least 1422 mutations causing AS have been reported [3].
The renal genotype-phenotype correlation of AS is variable, differs to some extent between males and females, and is among others dependent on the mode of inheritance (see below). The main clinical findings are microscopic hematuria, proteinuria, and progressive loss of renal function culminating in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) [4]. Heterozygous mutations in COL4A3 or COL4A4 usually present as thin basement membrane nephropathy without impairment of renal function [5].
In women, the first clinical manifestation of AS may appear as nephrotic syndrome during pregnancy, as pregnancy-related hyperfiltration may acutely worsen renal function [6, 7]. However, due to the unspecific and variably graded clinical manifestations and the possible progression towards a renal phenotype with histological patterns of more common glomerular entities associated with proteinuria, AS remains a highly under- or misdiagnosed entity [4].
Therapeutic options to slow down the progression of renal failure and proteinuria in AS are limited. They include the administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitors (ACE-I), in second-line angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) or aldosterone inhibitors [4], and strict treatment of arterial hypertension. Other therapeutical options such as antisense oligonucleotides or stem-cell administration are at an experimental stage [8]. An anti-inflammatory approach using bardoxolone methyl, which inhibits NF-κβ, is currently being investigated in a phase-3 clinical trial [9].
In this manuscript, we present a case of AS caused by a novel COL4A4 mutation in a 28-year-old woman, which was fulminantly exposed by pregnancy.
2. Case Presentation
A 28-year-old woman from Syria presented with nephrotic syndrome starting during the 29th week of her first pregnancy. Clinically, she showed anasarca with pleural effusions, ascites, and peripheral edema. At admission to our hospital, the patient showed normal blood pressure without antihypertensive medication. Initial laboratory findings included spot urine proteinuria of 17.2 g/g creatinine, hypoproteinemia of 3.8 g/dl [6.6–8.3 g/dl], serum albumin of 1.83 g/dl [3.9–5.0 g/dl], and serum creatinine of 1.4 mg/dl [<0.9 mg/dl] with an eGFR of 51 ml/min/1.73 m2 (CKD-EPI formula).
For an overview of the patient’s baseline characteristics, see Table 1.
There were no preexisting diseases in her medical history. Unfortunately, data on the renal function prior to her pregnancy are not available. Medical history revealed that her only sibling, an older sister, who still lives in Syria, was also diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome, which progressed to ESRD and was treated with a kidney transplantation. Interestingly, the cause of ESRD in the patient’s sister has not yet been identified, but the onset of the sister’s kidney disease also manifested during pregnancy. Both parents, who also live in Syria, do not knowingly suffer from any renal disease to the knowledge of our patient. Nevertheless, they have not been tested for asymptomatic microhematuria and/or microalbuminuria.
Extensive diagnostic workup was performed. Among others, phospholipase A2- (PLA2-) receptor- and thrombospondin type 1 domain-containing 7A (THSD7A) antibodies were negative, as well as ANA, ANCA, and anti-GBM antibodies. Preeclampsia was excluded by negative soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1/placental growth factor (sFlt/PlGF) ratio.
Given the clinical presentation, steroid therapy with prednisolone 1 mg/kg body weight was commenced.
At 37 + 0 weeks of gestation, our patient was admitted to the obstetrics department for pharmacological induction of labor. Because cardiotocography revealed fetal distress and profuse vaginal bleeding caused by premature placental detachment during the opening period, an emergency C-section was performed. After transfusion of six red blood cell concentrates, the further postpartum course was unremarkable both for our patient and the newborn from a gynaecological and pediatric point of view, respectively.
Two weeks after delivery, a kidney biopsy was performed. Light microscopic examination showed segmental sclerosis in 4 of 15 glomeruli (see Figure 1). Electron microscopy revealed extensive podocyte alterations with subtotal loss and effacement of the foot processes, as well as an irregular aspect of the glomerular basement membranes. Areas of remarkable thinning up to 130 nm alternated with areas with a multilamellar appearance with splitting of the lamina densa, the latter accounting for approximately 75% of the total basement membrane surface (see Figure 2).
Based on her medical history and actual findings suggestive of a hereditary AS, our patient underwent genetic evaluation.
Molecular genetic analysis proved an inframe deletion c.4307_4309del p.(Gly1436del) in the Col4A4 gene causing loss of the amino-acid glycine. A wild-type allele was not detectable. Therefore, the mutation in our patient is probably present in a homozygous form. The patient believes that her parents are not consanguineous.
Treatment with ACE-I at the maximum dosage and good blood pressure control resulted in a significant decrease in proteinuria from 17.2 to 1 g/g creatinine three months postpartum, while eGFR further decreased to 37 ml/min/1.73 m2. During the following eighteen months, renal function deteriorated to a preterminal stage (eGFR 15 ml/min/1.73 m2), paralleled by a moderate increase in proteinuria to 2.4 g/g creatinine.
Of note, there is no clinical evidence of manifest ocular or inner ear involvement in our patient to date.
3. Discussion and Conclusions
Herein, we report the clinical manifestation of AS caused by the present inframe deletion c.4307_4309del p (Gly1436del) in the Col4A4 gene, which is described here for the first time.
Based on the suggested homozygosity found in our patient and the fact that her parents were not noticeably affected, this constellation points towards an autosomal-recessive mode of inheritance.
At present, our patient’s AS presents exclusively with significant renal involvement. Interestingly, in ARAS females, ocular and inner ear involvement is only present in a minority of patients [6, 10]. Basically, genotype-phenotype correlation in AS is variable. Most data addressing this question are available on the more common (85%) XLAS, whereas data on genotype-phenotype correlation in ARAS (15%) are sparse [11]. In XLAS, severe mutations as deletions, rearrangements, indels, and nonsense mutations are associated with earlier onset of ESRD compared to missense mutations (mean age 22.5 vs. 26.7 years) [11, 12]. Fitting to that, individuals with splice mutations or truncating mutations show a two-fold greater probability of developing ocular or hearing abnormalities [12].
In ARAS patients, mean age at ESRD onset was not found to be different for COL4A3 or COL4A4 mutations compared to those individuals with X-linked COL4A5 mutations. Furthermore, Savige et al. did not detect differences for age at ESRD onset between homozygous and compound heterozygous mutations [11]. Congruent to XLAS, homozygous or compound heterozygous deletions, rearrangements, indels, and nonsense mutations enhance the onset of ESRD compared to those cases with missense mutations [11].
The patient’s sister, who still lives in Syria, also suffered from nephrotic syndrome with initial presentation during pregnancy and has since received a kidney transplant. Although the underlying cause of the kidney failure has not been evaluated, the constellation strongly suggests that the sister may also have inherited AS.
Even if the patient denies a kinship relationship between her parents, this seems to be the most likely mode of inheritance [13]. In Middle Eastern countries, consanguinity is still a common phenomenon with 30.3% of marriages in urban and 39.8% in rural areas [14].
It is known that heterozygous mutations in the Col4A4 gene are associated with benign forms of familiar hematuria, which are usually neither progressive nor lead to renal failure. This explains the bland parental medical history regarding renal disease [8]. However, neither our patient’s parents nor her sister have been genetically evaluated in Syria.
In our patient, nephrotic syndrome occurred during the 29th week of pregnancy with massive proteinuria and acute kidney failure. According to the literature, presentation of AS with these symptoms during the 29th–32nd pregnancy week is typical for pregnant women with AS [7, 15].
The age at the time of clinical manifestation in the presented case of AS, which is highly suggestive for ARAS, was 28 years. Referring to the literature, this tends to be a relatively late onset of ARAS [10, 11].
Histologically, AS presented as segmental sclerosis in this case. In another case report of ARAS caused by a Col4A4 mutation with manifestation during pregnancy, Drury et al. described the histological presentation of their patient as global segmental glomerulosclerosis with collapsing features, which might be caused by the additive effect of hyperfiltration during pregnancy [6]. Generally, the literature review shows an association of collagen IV mutations with segmental sclerosis [5, 16], which may lead to misdiagnosis of collagen IV nephropathies as FSGS [6].
The present case report is intended to raise awareness of atypical courses of AS and emphasizes the importance of medical family history and genetic testing in such cases.
Abbreviations
| ACE-I: | Angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitors |
| ADAS: | Autosomal dominant Alport syndrome |
| ANA: | Antinuclear antibodies |
| ANCA: | Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies |
| ARAS: | Autosomal recessive Alport syndrome |
| ARB: | Angiotensin-receptor blockers |
| AS: | Alport syndrome |
| CKD-EPI: | Chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration |
| ESRD: | End-stage renal disease |
| FSGS: | Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis |
| eGFR: | Estimated glomerular filtration rate |
| GBM: | Glomerular basement membrane |
| Indel: | Insertion/deletion |
| NF-κβ: | Nuclear factor “kappa-light-chain-enhancer” of activated B-cells |
| PlGF: | Placental growth factor |
| PLA2: | Phospholipase A2 |
| sFlt: | Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 |
| THSD7A: | Thrombospondin type 1 domain-containing 7A |
| XLAS: | X-linked Alport syndrome. |
Data Availability
The datasets analysed during this case report are not publicly available due to privacy policies. They are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request and with permission of the patient.
Ethical Approval
This case study was approved by the local ethics committee (Ethik Kommission der Ärztekammer Westfalen-Lippe undder Medizinischen Fakultät der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität).
Consent
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient prior to research participation and for publication of this case report and any accompanying images.
Disclosure
The research and publication of this case report was performed as part of the employment of all contributing authors at the University Hospital of Münster, Germany.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Authors’ Contributions
UJ, CMH, and BG wrote the case report. SR and HP wrote the case report and supervised the work. VVM and BH performed histopathological analysis of biopsy specimens. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
Acknowledgments
The APC was funded by the Open Access Fund of the University of Münster.