Modulation of the Left Prefrontal Cortex with High Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Facilitates Gait in Multiple Sclerosis

Table 1

Gait parameters scores before and after 1 rTMS session and 3 consecutive daily rTMS sessions.

Gait parameters	One rTMS Session					Three consecutive rTMS sessions
	Mean changes			SE^∧	value	Mean changes			SE^∧	value
	Before	After	Mean difference			Before	After	Mean difference
Ambulation time (sec)	8.04	6.90	−1.14	0.68	0.237	10.19	6.76	−3.62	0.41	0.014
Velocity (cm/sec)	67.80	76.53	8.73	2.86	0.093	55.10	80.07	25.57	5.43	0.044
Cadence (steps/min)	79.60	87.13	7.53	1.51	0.038	76.47	88.97	12.50	1.65	0.017
Step length left (cm)	60.88	61.19	.312	1.92	0.886	51.49	63.12	−11.62	2.85	0.055
Step length right (cm)	42.45	45.14	2.68	2.36	0.373	35.37	44.79	9.43	5.03	0.201
Step time left (sec)	0.74	0.68	−0.06	0.02	0.109	0.78	0.68	−0.10	0.01	0.030
Step time right (sec)	0.76	0.70	−0.06	0.01	0.010	0.79	0.66	−0.12	0.02	0.032
Cycle time left (sec)	1.52	1.38	−0.14	0.03	0.031	1.57	1.34	−0.23	0.02	0.011
Cycle time right (sec)	1.52	1.37	−0.14	0.03	0.036	1.57	1.36	−0.21	0.03	0.027
Stride length left (cm)	103.2	106.6	3.39	3.14	0.393	96.93	108.39	21.46	6.52	0.081
Stride length right (cm)	104.7	106.5	1.83	1.56	0.363	87.16	108.74	21.58	7.75	0.109
Swing time left (sec)	0.50	0.47	−0.03	0.01	0.058	0.51	0.48	−0.03	0.01	0.135
Swing time right (sec)	0.58	0.49	−0.08	0.01	0.003	0.53	0.46	−0.06	0.02	0.087
Stance time left (sec)	1.02	0.91	−0.11	0.02	0.030	1.06	0.86	−0.20	0.01	0.003
Stance time right (sec)	0.94	0.89	−0.05	0.03	0.174	1.04	0.89	−0.15	0.03	0.035

SE^∧: standard error; ; .