| Virus | Year of discovery | Reservoir | Receptor | Cell type infected | Mode of transmission | Clinical presentation | Disease type | Severity and prognosis |
| OC43 | 1966 | Bats | Receptor unknown, sialic acid and HLA class 1 involvement | Ciliated airway epithelial cells, macrophages in culture, and neuronal cells | Droplets | Coryza, cough, and fever | Upper respiratory infection, gastrointestinal infection, and pneumonia | Mild and harmless |
| 229E | 1967 | Bats and camelids | APN | Nonciliated airway epithelial cells, human monocytes, and neuronal cells | Droplets | Coryza, cough, and fever | Upper respiratory infection, gastrointestinal infection, and pneumonia | Mild and harmless |
| NL63 | 2004 | Bats | ACE2 | Ciliated airway epithelial cells | Droplets | Fever, cough, sore throat, and rhinitis | Upper and lower respiratory infection, associated with croup in children | Mild and harmless |
| HKU1 | 2005 | Bats | Unknown | Ciliated airway epithelial cells | Droplets | Rhinorrhea, fever, coughing, wheezing, and myalgia | Upper respiratory infection and pneumonia, enteric symptoms | Mild and harmless |
| SARS | 2003 | Bats, raccoon dogs, and civet cats | ACE2, role for DC-SIGN also known as CS209 | Epithelial cells, ciliated cells, and type II pneumocytes | Droplets | Malaise, headache, chills, myalgia, fever, cough, and dyspnea | Lower respiratory infection, pneumonia, diffuse alveolar damage, and ARDS | Severe respiratory illness with high morbidity and mortality |
| MERS | 2012 | Bats and dromedary camels | DPP4 also known as CD26 | Airway epithelial cells, renal epithelial cells, and dendritic cell | Droplets | Fever, cough, and breathing difficulties | Lower respiratory infection, pneumonia, ARDS, renal failure, and multiorgan failure | Severe respiratory illness with high morbidity and mortality |
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HLA: human leukocyte antigen, APN: aminopeptidase N, ACE2: angiotensin converting enzyme 2, DC-SIGN: dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin, CD209: cluster of differentiation 209, DPP4: dipeptidyl peptidase 4, CD26: cluster of differentiation 26, ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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