Case Report
High-Grade Glioma of the Ventrolateral Medulla in an Adult: Case Presentation and Discussion of Surgical Considerations
Table 1
Differential diagnosis of brainstem lesions.
| | Category | Diseases |
| | Inflammatory | Autoimmune encephalitis | | Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis | | CNS vasculitis | | Demyelination (multiple sclerosis) | | Neuromyelitis optica | | Neuro-Behçet | | Neurosarcoidosis | | Sjögren’s syndrome with CNS involvement | | CLIPPERS (chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids) |
| | Neoplastic | Glioma | | Metastatic cancer | | CNS lymphoma | | Primitive neuroectodermal tumor | | Ependymoma | | Malignant histiocytosis |
| | Infectious | Tuberculoma | | Pyogenic abscess |
| | Paraneoplastic | Paraneoplastic brainstem encephalitis/rhombencephalitis |
| | Vascular | Cavernous malformation | | Hematoma | | Arteriovenous malformation | | Cavernous angioma | | Ischemic infarct |
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