Hemifacial Spasm Caused by Vascular Compression in the Cisternal Portion of the Facial Nerve: Report of Two Cases with Review of the Literature

Table 1

Summary of reported cases of hemifacial spasm caused by distal compression of the facial nerve.

Authors,	Number	Age/sex	Side	Confirmation	Findings, offender			LSR	Relief	Cx.	Classification
Year	cases		spasm	distal comp.	OR	at REZ	at cisternal	usefulness	spasm		(PDC/DC)
Yeh, et al. [14]	2	52/f, 57/m	lt	intraoperative	once	x	AICA interposed	n/a	excellent	none	2 cases, PDC
1981											interposed AICA between ,
Nagahiro et al. [15]	2	n/s	rt	case 1; intraop.	OR;	PICA	-	n/s	recur	none	1 case, DC
1991					OR;	-	AICA, meatal	n/a	immediate	none	“Sandwich type”, stressed
				case 2; intraop.	OR;	AICA, premeatal	-	n/a	recur	none	1 case, DC
					OR;	-	AICA, postmeatal	n/a	immediate	none	interposed AICA between ,
Fukuda, et al. [16]	1	61/f	lt	intraoperative	OR;	PICA	-	failure	none		1 case, PDC
1997					OR;	-	AICA, meatal	useful (+/ -)	immediate	none	interposed AICA between ,
Ryu, et al. [17]	7	36-73	rt(3)/lt(4)	case 1; intraop.	once	x	PICA	n/a	resolved		4 cases, PDC, (1 reop.)
1998		f:m=6:1		case 3; intraop.	Once	x	AICA	n/a	resolved
				case 5; intraop.	OR;	AICA	-	n/a	failure
					OR;	-	AICA	n/a	resolved	hearing loss
				case 7; intraop.	Once	x	AICA	n/a	resolved
				case2; intraop.	OR;	AICA	AICA	n/a	failure		3 cases, DC (all reop.)
					OR;	-	AICA	n/a	resolved
				case 4; intraop.	OR;	AICA	-	n/a	recur, 3 mo
					OR;	x	AICA	n/a	resolved
				case 6; intraop.	OR;	PICA	-	n/a	recur, 3 yr
					OR;	-	PICA	n/a	resolved
Onoda, et al. [18]	2	51/f (case 1)	rt	preop. MRI	case 1;	x	AICA	n/a	resolved	none	2 cases, PDC
2006		71/f (case 2)	rt	preop. MRI	case 2,	x	AICA	n/a	resolved	none	interposed AICA between ,
Campos-Benitez, et al. [9]	4	n/a	n/a	intraop.	n/s	x	AICA (3)/ PICA (1)	n/a	n/a	n/a	4 cases, PDC
2008											3% incidence of distal comp.
Kawashima et al.[19]	1	50/f	lt	preop. MRI	once	x	AICA, meatal	useful (+/-)	immediate	none	1 case, PDC
2009											interposed AICA between ,
Chang, et al. [20]	14	35-66	n/a	preop. MRI	n/a	x	AICA (8)/ PICA(4)	n/s	excellent	palsy (1)	12 cases, PDC
2010		f:m=10:4					/V(1)/ multi (1)		71.4%		incidence 14 of 2137
Zhong, et al. [12]	7	n/a	n/a	intraop.	OR;	AICA	-	n/s	no relief	-	7 cases, DC, “cross-type” comp.
2010					OR;	-	AICAs, zone 4 (7)	n/s	excellent	palsy (1)	by all missed AICAs (reop.)
Li, et al. [22]	1	50/m	n/s	intraop.	OR;	AICA	-	n/s	no relief	-	1 case, PDC
2010					OR;	-	AICA, meatal	useful (+/-)	immediate	palsy	incidence of distal comp.; 1/753
Zheng, et al. [23]	21	48.4	rt(10)/lt(11)	intraop.	once	AICA (20)	AICA (20)	useful (+/-)	resolved	tinnitus (3)	20 DCs/1 PDCs, “Cross-type”
2011		f(15)/m(6)			once	x	AICA (1)	useful (+/-)	resolved	hearing (3)	incidence, 21 of 355 (5.9%)
Current case	2	50/m	lt	preop. MRI	once	x	AICA, premeatal	useful (+/-)	immediate	none	2 cases, PDC
2018		53/f	rt	preop. MRI	once	x	AICA, postmeatal	useful (+/-)	immediate	none	interposed AICA between ,

AICA: anterior inferior cerebellar artery, comp.: compression, Cx.: complications, HFS: hemifacial spasm, m: male, f: female, intraop.: intraoperatively, rt: right, LSR: lateral spread response, lt: left, MRI: magnetic resonance imaging, n/a: not available, n/s: not specified, OR: operation, PICA: posterior inferior cerebellar artery, preop.: preoperative, reop.: reoperation, : the seventh (facial) nerve, V: vein, (+/-): negative conversion of lateral spread response after distal decompression. Classification of distal compression: PDC: single-artery, pure distal compression, DC: double compression.