Clinical Features of Painful Ophthalmoplegia with a High-Intensity Ring Appearance around the Optic Nerve on MRI: A Case Series

Table 1

Clinical characteristics and MRI findings of our cases.

Case	Age/Sex	Diagnosis	Side	Underlying disease	Involvement of the cranial nerves	Visual disturbance	MRI findings		Response to steroid therapy	Recurrence
							Granulomatous inflammation of the cavernous	High-intensity ring appearance around the optic nerve
1	39/M	T	Left	−	III, VI	−	+ (left)	+ (left)	+	−
2	68/F	H	Left	Diabetes mellitus	III	−	−	+ (left)	+	−
3	76/M	H	Right	Hypertension	III	−	−	+ (right)	+	−
4	67/M	H	Right	Hypertension	III, VI	−	−	+ (right)	+	−

+, present; −, absent; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; III, oculomotor nerve; VI, abducens nerve; T, Tolosa–Hunt syndrome; H, headache attributed to ischaemic ocular motor nerve palsy.