Preeclampsia, HELLP Syndrome, and Postpartum Renal Failure with Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy: Case Report and a Brief Review of Postpartum Renal Failure

Table 2

Causes of renal failure in pregnant and nonpregnant patients.

Etiologies of renal failure	Conditions related to pregnancy	Conditions unrelated to pregnancy
Prerenal	Hyperemesis gravidarum, vomiting due to preeclampsia, HELLP/AFLP, hemorrhage (missed abortion, septic abortion, placental abruption, placenta previa, uterine previa, bleeding during surgery, uterine laceration, uterine perforation)	Vomiting due to infections, gastroenteritis, pyelonephritis, malnutrition; Others (like diuretics, CHF)
Intrinsic renal	ATN/ACN: preeclampsia, HELLP, AFLP, amniotic fluid embolism, pulmonary embolism; TMA: HUS, preeclampsia, HELLP, AFLP, DIC, underlying glomerular diseases	ATN, de novo glomerular disease, AIN
Postrenal	Bilateral hydronephrosis; Trauma to the ureters and bladder during surgery	Bilateral ureteral obstruction stone/tumor; Tubular obstruction (meds/calcium/uric acid); Obstruction at bladder outlet
Renal allograft related	Similar to nonpregnant conditions	Acute rejection; ATN; Acute interstitial nephritis, calcineurin inhibitor toxicity, CMV/BK virus nephropathy, postinfectious glomerulonephropathy

HELLP: hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count; AFLP: acute fatty liver of pregnancy; CHF: congestive heart failure; ATN: acute tubular necrosis; ACN: acute cortical necrosis; AIN: acute interstitial nephritis; TMA: thrombotic microangiopathies; HUS: hemolytic uremic syndrome; DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulation; CMV: cytomegalovirus.