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| Article | Did authors conclude an association between HCV and WM? | Treatment given for HCV and WM, and patient outcomes |
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| Santini et al. 1993 [6] | Yes. 6/6 WM patients were HCV positive by viral PCR. | n/a |
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| Mussini et al. 1995 [21] | Yes, in setting of cryoglobulinemia. Of WM cases with cryoglobulins, 2/3 were positive for HCV RNA. 0/12 WM cases without cryoglobulins were positive for HCV. | n/a |
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| Andreone et al. 1995 [22] | No. Hypothesize that association between HCV and NHL may be due by confounding factor of transfusions. | n/a |
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| Custodi et al. 1995 [13] | No. 0/6 HCV positive in 6 cases of familial occurrence of IgM-k gammopathy. | n/a |
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| Izumi et al. 1996 [23] | Unlikely. 1/4 patients with WM were HCV positive. | n/a |
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| Izumi et al. 1996 [20] | Case report: 55-year-old man with HCV, WM, and hepatocellular carcinoma. | Melphalan and prednisolone + vincristine. Death from liver failure 5 years after diagnosis. |
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| Silvestri et al. 1996 [24] | Yes, in setting of cryoglobulinemia. 1/20 WM patients with cryoglobulinemia were HCV positive. 0/19 WM patients without cryoglobulinemia were HCV positive. | n/a |
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| Silvestri et al. 1996 [25] | Yes. 30% of patients with immunocytoma were HCV positive. | n/a |
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| Silvestri et al. 1997 [10] | Yes. Of the HCV-positive, cryoglobulin-producing NHL cases, immunocytoma was most frequent (16/21). | n/a |
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| Izumi et al. 1997 [9] | Yes. 1/4 patients with WM were HCV positive. | n/a |
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Silvestri and Baccarani 1997 [15] | Yes. 26–49% of lymphoplasmacytoid lymphomas were HCV positive. | n/a |
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| Zignego et al. 1997 [26] | Yes. Mechanism of HCV infection leading to B-cell NHL may be through vasculitis and triggering of lymphoproliferative disorder. | n/a |
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| Silvestri et al. 1998 [27] | Yes. 18/70 WM cases were HCV positive. | 10 WM patients treated with IFN alpha for 6 to 12 months. Four patients were resistant and received fludarabine without response. |
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| Trotter 1999 [19] | Case report: 45-year-old man with cirrhosis and HCV-induced cirrhosis and WM. | Recurrent plasmapheresis resolved symptoms. |
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| Ahmed et al. 1999 [28] | Yes. 3/3 patients with WM tested for HCV were positive. | n/a |
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| Vallisa et al. 1999 [4] | Yes. Prevalence of HCV infection among patients with NHL was 37.1%. | n/a |
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| Silvestri et al. 2000 [5] | Yes. 26% to 49% of cases of WM were HCV positive. | n/a |
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| Dammacco et al. 2000 [29] | Yes. HCV reported to be lymphotropic and may trigger clonal B-cell proliferation, leading to the progression to lymphoid malignancy. | n/a |
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| Rabkin et al. 2002 [12] | No. 4/95 lymphoma pts had HCV EIAs but none confirmed by recombinant immunoblot assay. | n/a |
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| Musto 2002 [30] | Yes. HCV reported to be lymphotropic and may also trigger clonal B-cell proliferation, leading to malignancy. | n/a |
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Álvarez-Ruiz et al. 2004 [17] | Case report: 50-year-old man with HCV and mixed cryoglobulinemia associated with WM. | IFN alpha and ribavirin for 9 months. HCV became undetectable and BM biopsy showed no lymphoid infiltration. Liver transplant performed. |
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| Veneri et al. 2004 [11] | No. HCV prevalence in WM patients similar to normal population. | n/a |
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| Neri et al. 2005 [18] | Case report: 63-year-old woman with WM and type I cryoglobulinemia. | Pef IFN alpha-2b treatment for 6 months. Symptoms returned after IFN treatment. Resolution of presenting skin symptoms after cyclophosphamide and prednisone addition. |
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| Leleu et al. 2007 [2] | No. 0 out of 100 WM patients studied was HCV positive. | n/a |
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| Giordano et al. 2007 [7] | Yes. HCV infection with increased risk of WM, HR of 2.76 (95% CI, 2.01–3.79). | n/a |
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Schöllkopf et al. 2008 [8] | Yes. OR 5.2 (1.0–26.4) of HCV positivity in WM. | n/a |
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Nicolosi Guidicelli et al. 2012 [3] | No. Only geographic differences in prevalence of HCV in NHL. | n/a |
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| Arcaini et al. 2012 [16] | Yes. Lymphoma regression following IFN-based treatment. | Interferon +/− ribavirin effective in HCV + patients with indolent lymphoma. |
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