Abstract
The purpose of this report is to present the findings in a case of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the conjunctiva which was the initial sign of systemic cancers. A 94-year-old woman without known systemic diseases developed a mass in her right conjunctiva. She was referred to our hospital 5 months after the onset. She was diagnosed with conjunctival SCC by biopsy. Systemic CT before the surgery revealed multiple liver lesions, lung legions, and a large mass surrounding the appendix. The patient requested the surgery, and the main aim of the surgery was cosmesis. Histopathological examinations of the specimen led us to the final diagnosis as SCC. She did not receive any other therapy because of her age. As no other surgical procedures were undertaken, it is uncertain as to whether the conjunctival lesion was primary or secondary. Although, it is extremely rare that SCC of the conjunctiva is the initial sign of systemic cancers, careful systemic examinations to find other cancers should be made.
1. Introduction
A squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the conjunctiva accompanied with systemic cancers is very rare [1]. Only one case has been reported where a conjunctival SCC was the initial finding in a patient with systemic cancer [2]. We report a rare case of SCC of the conjunctiva as the initial manifestation of systemic cancers.
2. Case Report
A 94-year-old woman had noticed that the conjunctiva of the right eye was hyperemic 10 months earlier. She was suspected of having a conjunctival tumor at a private clinic 5 months later but she refused to undergo further examinations because of her age. After a rapid increase in the size of the mass, she was referred to the Chiba University Hospital.
At the first examination, her visual acuities were hand motion at 30 cm OD and 0.8 OS. Slit-lamp examination showed a large, irregular-surface mass on the nasal conjunctiva. The mass was so large that it covered the pupil of the eye (Figures 1(a) and 1(b)). The ocular movements were full in both eyes. The eye was not proptosed and the eyelids were not retracted. She had neither history nor symptoms or signs of systemic cancers. Cytopathological examination from a scraping biopsy showed a class IV, well-differentiated SCC.
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Because the size of the tumor was large, we performed a systemic CT examination. The CT examination showed a large tumor surrounding the appendix, multiple legions in the liver, and lungs (Figure 2). No other orbital lesions were found in the CT examination.
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Because the patient requested surgery for cosmesis, we excised the tumor and used 0.04% Mitomycin C eyedrops 2 times/day. The tumor was almost completely excised (Figure 1(c)), and the patient and her family were very happy with the results of the operation. Histopathological examination of the specimen showed a well-differentiated SCC of the conjunctiva (Figure 3). She declined treatment for the primary systemic cancer because of her age. The patient died of the primary systemic cancer one month after our surgery.
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3. Discussion
Cervantes et al. reviewed 287 cases of SCC of the conjunctiva, and only two cases had regional metastasis (0.7%) [3]. Grossniklaus et al. reviewed 2,455 cases of conjuctival lesions and only one case had a metastasized mass (0.04%) [1]. Thus, it is rare that a conjunctival SCC is accompanied with systemic cancers. In our case, we performed systemic CT examinations because the size of the tumor was relatively large. As a result, we found masses in the lungs, liver, and surrounding the appendix. We did not determine whether a SCC of conjunctiva in our case is a conjunctival metastasis because we had no chance to perform biopsy for systemic cancers. Although it is a speculation, it is likely from the size of the lesions that the tumor surrounding the appendix may be the primary site. The most common type of appendix tumor is carcinoid tumor followed by adenocarcinoma, but recent reports indicate that carcinoid tumor can be combined with SCC [4, 5]. However, we could not rule out the possibility that the conjunctival SCC was a primary tumor and the lung and the liver metastases were derived from the tumor surrounding the appendix.
The patient did not undergo chemotherapy because of her age, and the purpose of the operation was cosmetic. However, the patient and her family were very satisfied with the outcome of our surgery. Thus, even when the life span cannot be extended by a surgery, the quality of life can be significantly improved. Thus, although the patient died one month after the operation, we believe that our decision of performing tumor excision in this case was appropriate and meaningful for the patient and her family.
It is extremely rare that a conjunctival tumor is the initial manifestation of systemic cancers [2]. More commonly, patients with a conjunctival tumor have a history of a primary cancer [6, 7]. Our findings indicate that even if a conjunctival SCC as the initial finding of systemic cancer is extremely rare, systemic examinations should be considered to rule out the existence of systemic cancers.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture in Japan. The authors appreciate Professor Duco Hamasaki in Bascom Palmer Eye Institute of the University of Miami for editing the manuscript.