Abstract
Purpose. Herein, we report a case of primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) with the first presentation of bilateral Epstein-Barr virus- (EBV-) associated panuveitis. Case Presentation. A 69-year-old male was referred with a three-day history of blurred vision and pain and redness in his left eye following cataract surgery. Examination revealed panuveitis, vitritis, and necrotizing retinitis with retinal hemorrhage. A month later, the right eye was also involved. Polymerase chain reaction-based analysis of the vitreous sample was positive for EBV, and cytological evaluation was compatible with the diagnosis of B-cell lymphoma. A significant improvement was observed following serial intravitreal rituximab and methotrexate injections. The central nervous system and lungs were involved after 6 months, and the patient expired despite systemic chemotherapy. Conclusion. There may be an association between EBV panuveitis and primary intraocular B-cell lymphoma.
1. Introduction
Intraocular lymphoma is a rare form of ocular malignancy and includes two types, namely, primary and secondary. Primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) affects the vitreous, retina, choroid, or optic nerve without systemic lymphoma [1]. This disease has a poor prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of 61% [2]. The disease is typical of masquerade syndromes and frequent masquerades as chronic uveitis, and it is often difficult to diagnose if no characteristic vitreous haze or subretinal focus is present [3].
The PIOL is a rare and potentially fatal intraocular malignancy. More than half of the cases eventually involve the central nervous system (CNS). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) have been applied for the diagnosis of PIOL. In addition, histology and immunohistochemistry, in combination with molecular tests and interleukin-10 analysis, have been demonstrated as reliable in its diagnosis [4]. The PIOLs are usually diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) with very few cases of primary T-cell lymphoma described in the literature [5]. Herein, we report a patient with PIOL primarily presenting with bilateral Epstein-Barr virus- (EBV-) associated panuveitis, accompanied by DLBCL, who was deceased due to CNS involvement 6 months following that time.
2. Case Presentation
A 69-year-old male was referred with left eye pain, redness, and poor vision 3 days after uncomplicated phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. On presentation, the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) values were 20/32 and 20/800 in the right and left eyes, respectively. There was no relative afferent pupillary defect. The findings of the slit-lamp examination of the left eye were microcystic corneal edema, localized Descemet’s detachment, and 3+ cell and fibrin in the anterior chamber.
Posterior segment examination disclosed vitritis, optic disk swelling, vascular sheathing, small intraretinal hemorrhages and patches of retinitis in the superior quadrant, and pigmentary changes at the macula in the left eye. The right eye appeared normal except for senile cataract and small Drusen-like lesions (Figure 1). Firstly, the clinical diagnosis of acute retinal necrosis was made. Therefore, undiluted vitreous sampling was prepared for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) evaluation of infectious etiologies, including herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), EBV, and Toxoplasma. Moreover, vitreous and aqueous humor samples for smear and culture for bacterial infection with a probable diagnosis of acute postoperative endophthalmitis were also acquired.
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The patient was treated with intravenous acyclovir (10 mg/kg/every 8 h), intravitreal ganciclovir (twice a week), and systemic oral prednisolone (50 mg/day). The retinitis and inflammation were partially improved following the treatment. After 10 days of treatment, systemic intravenous acyclovir was replaced by valacyclovir (1 g/every 8 h) with an incomplete response to the treatment.
A month later, the patient complained of decreasing vision. Vitreous reaction accompanied by retinal vasculitis and punctate Drusen-like subretinal infiltration foci were observed in the examination of the right eye (Figure 2). The FAF showed numerous hyperautofluorescent dots scattered at the posterior pole of the right eye and stippled mixed hyper- and hypoautofluorescent dots (leopard pattern) at the posterior pole and vitreous opacity corresponding to the vitritis in the left eye (Figure 3). Fluorescein angiography was not provided due to an allergic reaction. The aforementioned treatment was continued, and vitreous sampling of the right eye was performed for PCR and cytological evaluation with the suspicion of masquerade syndrome, especially PIOL.
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Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) revealed multiple tiny Drusen-like retinal pigmented epithelium elevation in the right eye and retinal edema, hyperreflectivity of inner retina at retinitis area, and increased central macular thickness in the left eye (Figure 4).
In the analysis of the vitreous sample, the results of PCR for VZV, HSV, CMV, and Toxoplasma were all negative, except for EBV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in both eyes. In addition, the histopathological examination of the vitreous sample showed malignant lymphocyte cells compatible with the diagnosis of B-cell lymphoma with positive CD20 and CD19 markers. Systemic workups, including brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast enhancement and ultrasound of the pelvic, abdomen, and cervical lymph node chain, and oncologist consultation revealed no pathologic findings. As a result, with the diagnosis of PIOL, local intraocular chemotherapy (monthly intravitreal rituximab and methotrexate twice a week for 1 month, weekly for next month, and then monthly) was initiated. Clinical response was good (Figure 4), and BCVA increased to 20/32 and 20/50 in the right and left eyes, respectively.
After 4 months, symptoms of cognitive and behavioral impairment appeared. However, the second brain MRI was also normal; the protein level of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was high. The cytological evaluation of the CSF sample revealed malignant lymphocyte cells. Therefore, with the diagnosis of CNS lymphoma, systemic chemotherapy was also initiated. The patient expired during systemic chemotherapy.
3. Discussion
Herein, we reported a case of PIOL and DLBCL associated with EBV intraocular infection in both eyes. The etiology of PIOL is not very clear. Two theories have been implicated in the etiology of PIOL, namely, (1) infectious theory and (2) hematological spread. Infections with EBV or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), especially in immunocompromised patients, recall the lymphoid cells; however, neoplastic transformation to lymphoid malignancy occurs later at the eye and/or CNS [6]. The occurrence of EBV-induced lymphoid or epithelial malignancies is well recognized [7]. The EBV-associated DLBCL of the elderly is a subtype of DLBCL according to the 2008 classification of the World Health Organization. This is an extremely rare tumor, and to the best of our knowledge, few cases of ocular EBV-associated DLBCL in the elderly have been reported [8].
Mashima et al. [9] described an 83-year-old woman developing unilateral necrotizing retinitis. The PCR-based testing revealed high EBV DNA levels in the vitreous, but not in the plasma. Testing of the vitreous for HSV, VZV, and CMV DNA was all negative, and serologic tests for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, Treponema pallidum, and HIV were all negative. Serial intravitreal methotrexate injections elicited an immediate reduction in EBV DNA copy levels, along with clinical improvement. Therefore, it is wondered whether the retinitis in this patient was neoplastic. A similar case was reported by Imai et al. [10] that was ultimately observed to have an intraocular natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma. Although several cases of intraocular NK/T-cell lymphoma have been previously reported [11], such rare EBV-associated NK/T-cell tumors appear to be more likely to involve the orbit or ocular adnexa [12].
The abovementioned reports add to the growing number of reports identifying EBV in patients with ocular inflammation. As noted, the most convincing evidence for a direct role of EBV comes from its identification in those eyes with lymphoproliferative disorders known, in some, to be induced by EBV, including B- and NK/T-cell lymphoid tumors. However, for most patients with ocular inflammation, the presence of either EBV DNA or anti-EBV antibodies appears to be both noncausal and of limited or no clinical utility. If for some reasons ocular levels of EBV DNA or anti-EBV antibodies are assayed and observed to be elevated, consideration should be given to the possibility of an intraocular EBV-associated malignancy and, independently, HIV coinfection [13].
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, EBV infection might be a risk factor for PIOL.
Abbreviations
| PIOL: | Primary intraocular lymphoma |
| EBV: | Epstein-Barr virus |
| CNS: | Central nervous system |
| OCT: | Optical coherence tomography |
| SD-OCT: | Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography |
| FAF: | Fundus autofluorescence |
| DLBCL: | Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma |
| PCR: | Polymerase chain reaction |
| HSV: | Herpes simplex virus |
| VZV: | Varicella-zoster virus |
| CMV: | Cytomegalovirus |
| DNA: | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
| MRI: | Magnetic resonance imaging |
| BCVA: | Best-corrected visual acuity |
| CSF: | Cerebrospinal fluid |
| HIV: | Human immunodeficiency virus |
| NK: | Natural killer |
| HLH: | Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. |
Data Availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interests.
Authors’ Contributions
All the authors contributed significantly to this report, and all authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgments
We thank Research Square that presented the manuscript as a preprint with the following link: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-225610/v1 [14].