Case Reports in Orthopedics / 2013 / Article / Tab 1 / Case Report
Breakage of a Third Generation Gamma Nail: A Case Report and Review of the Literature Table 1 Meta-analyses of Gamma nail breakage.
Author Total cases Cases of broken nails Nail type Breakage site Time Cause of breakage Valverde et al. [17 ] 223 1 (0.4%) 1st GN Proximal N/A N/A Boriani et al. [13 ] 1181 5 (0.4%) 1st GN N/A N/A N/A Gaebler et al. [18 ] 839 2 (0.2%) 1st GN Distal 4 months Direct trauma 1st GN Distal 5 months Nonunion
Pervez and Parker [19 ] 35 2 (5.7%) Long GN Middle 3 months Delayed union Long GN N/A 5 months Delayed union (PF)
Van Doorn and Stapert [20 ] 101 2 (2.0%) Long GN Proximal 7 months Nonunion (PF) Long GN Middle 9 months Nonunion (PF) Docquier et al. [21 ] 439 1 (0.2%) 1st or 2nd GN N/A N/A Delayed union
Álvarez et al. [22 ] 843 5 (0.6%) 1st GN Proximal 7 months Nonunion 1st GN Distal 7 months Nonunion 2nd GN Proximal 7 months Nonunion Long GN Middle 10 months Nonunion Long GN Proximal 8 months Nonunion Sehat et al. [23 ] 100 1 (1.0%) Long GN Middle N/A Insufficient reduction
1st GN: the first generation Gamma nail, 2nd GN: the second generation Gamma nail, Long GN: long Gamma nail, Proximal: the opening for the lag screw, middle: nail midshaft, distal: the opening for the distal locking screw, N/A: not available in the literature, and PF: pathological fracture.