Author(s), year Age Gender RRP Risk factors HPV Byhardt et al, 1988 [6 ] 61 Male Yes Smoker and Rxt NR Kashima et al, 1988 [7 ] 28 Male Yes Rxt 6 Zarod et al, 1988 [8 ] 72 Female Yes NR 6 Lindeberg et al, 1989 [9 ] 62.5 Male Yes Smoker Negative Lindeberg et al, 1989 [9 ] 34.4 Male Yes NR Negative Hasan et al, 1995 [10 ] 30 Male Yes Nonsmoker, without Rxt NR Pou et al, 1995 [11 ] 46 Male Yes Nonsmoker 16 Sakakura et al, 1996 [12 ] 63 Female Yes Nonsmoker 18 Klozar et al, 1997 [13 ] 81 Male Yes NR NR Klozar et al, 1997 [13 ] 58 Female Yes NR NR Klozar et al, 1997 [13 ] 56 Male No NR NR Behl et al, 2001 [14 ] 28 Male Yes Nonsmoker NR Azadamaki et al, 2013 [15 ] 77 Male Yes Nonsmoker NR Hao et al, 2013 [16 ] 52 Male No Passive smoker 16/18 Hasegawa et al, 2013 [17 ] 75 Male Yes NR 11 Jeong et al, 2009 [18 ] 55 Male Yes NR 6, 11 Jeong et al, 2009 [18 ] 64 Male Yes NR NR Ilmarinen et al, 2014 [19 ] — Male Yes 7 smokers, 2 nonsmokers NR Zhang et al, 2015 [20 ] 43 Male No Multiple sex partners, second-hand smoker NR Present study 47 Male No No 16/18