| | Authors | Year | Number of cases | Age of diagnosis | Sex | Location of lesion (s) | Tissue composition |
| | Stamm and Tauber [5] | 1945 | 1 | At birth | F | Tongue base | Smooth muscle, adipose, vessels, salivary glands, and connective | | Perri [6] | 1956 | 1 | 34 years | F | Tongue base | Smooth muscle, salivary glands, and adipose, covered with nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium | | Hinshaw [7] | 1963 | 1 | 4 years | F | Tongue base | Salivary glands, smooth and striated muscle, and lymphatic | | Ishii [8] | 1968 | 1 | 4 months | F | Tongue tip, tongue base, left lateral tongue | Stratified squamous epithelium, collagenous/fibrotic tissue, smooth muscle, salivary glands, and adipose | | Demuth and Johns [9] | 1981 | 1 | 18 months | M | Tongue base | Nerve elements, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, and glands | | Becker et al. [10] | 1984 | 1 | At birth | M | Tongue base | Squamous epithelium, smooth muscle, minor salivary glands, nervous, and fibrovascular | | Goldsmith et al. [11] | 1995 | 1 | 1 year and 4 months | M | Dorsal tongue | Fibrous tissue, smooth muscle, thin- and thick-walled vessels, and minor salivary glands | | de la Rosa-García and Mosqueda-Taylor [12] | 1999 | 1 | 6 years | M | Tongue tip | Smooth muscle, fibrous stroma, dilated vascular channels, and nerve fibers | | Kobayashi et al. [13] | 2001 | 1 | 3 months | M | Dorsal tongue | Parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, fascicular or aggregated smooth muscle, and striated muscle | | Krieger et al. [2] | 2007 | 5 | 1.8 days | 1. M | All dorsal tongue | All containing smooth muscle; 4/5 had variably sized vessels; 1/5 had vessels; and salivary glands | | 2.4 months | 2. F | | 3.5 months | 3. F | | 4.1 year | 4. M | | 5.5 years | 5. M |
| | Goold et al. [14] | 2007 | 1 | 5 months | M | Tongue base | Smooth muscle, squamous epithelium, and mucous glands | | Iida et al. [15] | 2007 | 1 | 2 years and 7 months | M | Midline and posterior dorsal tongue (2 lesions) | Smooth muscle, collagen fibers, nerve fibers, and small vessels | | Nava-Villalba et al. [16] | 2008 | 1 | 5 months | M | Dorsal tongue | Parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, nerves, lymphatics, blood vessels, and smooth muscle | | de faria et al. [17] | 2008 | 1 | 61 years | F | Dorsal tongue | Smooth muscle-like spindle cells, collagenous stroma, small- to medium-sized blood vessels with thin or thick walls, adipose, mucinous minor salivary gland tissue, nerve fibers, and small leukocyte aggregates | | Kuperan et al. [18] | 2012 | 1 | 5 months | M | Dorsal tongue | Smooth muscle (other components not specified) | | Nakanishi et al. [19] | 2012 | 1 | 3 years | M | Dorsal tongue | Stratified squamous epithelium, spindle cells within submucoepithelial connective tissue, and fibrous, adipose, and minor salivary gland tissue | | Wang et al. [20] | 2013 | 1 | 29 years | M | Dorsal tongue | Stratified squamous epithelium, smooth muscle, blood vessels, nervous tissue, and adipose tissue in fibrous stroma | | Majumder et al. [21] | 2014 | 1 | Infant (unspecified age) | M | Dorsal tongue | Squamous mucosa, smooth muscle, dilated lymphatics, salivary glands, and skeletal muscle | | Fadzilah et al. [22] | 2016 | 1 | 6 weeks | M | Tongue base | Stratified squamous epithelium, smooth muscle fibers, occasional adipose tissue, and vascular channels | | Nguyen et al. [23] | 2018 | 1 | 20 years | M | Dorsal tongue | Fibrovascular connective tissue, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, adipose, salivary tissue, blood vessels, lymphoid tissue, peripheral nerves, and ganglion cells | | Sánchez-Romero et al. [24] | 2019 | 3 | 1.10 years | 1. F | 1. Dorsal tongue | All 3 contained nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, connective tissue clefts, small nerve bundles and blood vessels, and adipose tissue. Only case 1 had salivary gland tissue. | | 2.15 years | 2. F | 2. Dorsal tongue | | 3.4 years | 3. F | 3. Dorsal tongue |
| | Liu et al. [26] | 2020 | 7 | 1.3 months | 1. F | 1. Dorsal tongue | All with haphazard arrangement of smooth muscle within underlying submucosa with interposed minor salivary glands and ducts | | 2.5 months | 2. F | 2. Dorsal and base of tongue | | 3.6 months | 3. M | 3. Dorsal tongue | | 4.7 months | 4. F | 4. Dorsal tongue | | 5.9 months | 5. M | 5. Dorsal tongue | | 6.11 months | 6. M | 6. Dorsal tongue | | 7.14 months | 7. M | 7. Dorsal tongue |
| | Arredondo Montero et al. [25] | 2022 | 1 | 2 months | F | Dorsal tongue | Squamous epithelium, smooth muscle, adipose tissue, and seromucous glands |
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