| | Drugs (>75%) | | | (i) Antibiotics: ampicillin, cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, cloxacillin, methicillin, penicillin, rifampicin, sulfonamides, vancomycin. | | | (ii) NSAIDs. | | | (iii) Other: allopurinol, acyclovir, famotidine, furosemide, omeprazole, phenytoin. | | | Infections (5%–10%) | | | (i) Bacteria: Brucella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, Legionella, Salmonella, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Yersinia. | | | (ii) Viruses: cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, hantavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, polyomavirus, herpes simplex virus, hepatitis C virus. | | | (iii) Other: Leptospira, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Schistosoma, Toxoplasma. | | | Idiopathic (5%–10%) | | | (i) Antitubular basement membrane antibodies. | | | (ii) TINU. | | | Associated with systemic diseases (10%–15%) | | | (i) Sarcoidosis, Sjögren, systemic lupus erythematosus, Wegener’s granulomatosis, rheumatoid arthritis, hypoparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, lymphoproliferative disorders. | |
|
|
