|
| Behavioral insomnia of childhood [8] |
| (i) Inconsistent bedtime routine |
| (ii) Inadequate limit setting |
| (iii) Use of electronic device |
| (iv) Parental discord |
| (v) Emotional, physical, and sexual abuse |
| Primary sleep disorders [8, 9] |
| (i) Obstructive sleep apnea |
| (ii) Circadian rhythm sleep wake disorders |
| (iii) Parasomnias |
| (iv) Restless leg syndrome |
| (v) Periodic limb movements of sleep |
| (vi) Bruxism |
| Medical conditions [9–14] |
| (i) Allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, otitis media, asthma, chronic cough, and cystic fibrosis |
| (ii) Colic, gastroesophageal reflux, inflammatory bowel disease, and irritable bowel syndrome |
| (iii) Malignancy and sickle cell anemia |
| (iv) Congenital heart disease and cardiac arrhythmias |
| (v) Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes, and thyroid disease |
| (vi) Chronic pain and fibromyalgia |
| Acquired central nervous system disorders [7, 15–19] |
| (i) Concussion and postconcussive syndrome |
| (ii) Traumatic brain injury |
| (iii) Viral, bacterial, or autoimmune meningoencephalitis |
| (iv) Increased intracranial pressure |
| (v) Stroke |
| Neurologic disorders [9, 11, 20–23] |
| (i) Neurodegenerative disease and static encephalopathy |
| (ii) Autism spectrum disorder |
| (iii) Cerebral palsy |
| (iv) Intellectual disability |
| (v) Visual and/or hearing impairment |
| (vi) Migraine headaches, tension headaches, and chronic daily headache |
| (vii) Idiopathic intracranial hypertension |
| (viii) Epilepsy |
| (ix) Multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis |
| (x) Myasthenia gravis |
| Psychiatric disorders [8, 9, 11, 24] |
| (i) Major depressive disorder |
| (ii) Anxiety disorders |
| (iii) Posttraumatic stress disorders |
| (iv) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder |
| (v) Bipolar affective disorder |
| (vi) Schizophrenia |
| (vii) Psychosis |
| Medication-induced insomnia [25] |
| (i) Acute intoxication |
| (ii) Alcohol, tobacco, or illicit drug use |
| (iii) Caffeine |
| (iv) Diet pills |
| (v) Antibiotics |
| (vi) Antidepressants |
| (vii) Antipsychotics |
| (viii) Alpha 2 agonists |
| (ix) Beta antagonists |
| (x) Beta agonists |
| (xi) Glucocorticoids |
| (xii) Antihistamines |
| (xiii) Decongestants |
|
