Grisel’s Syndrome in Children: Two Case Reports and Systematic Review of the Literature

Table 2

Synthesis of results.

Items	Results
Number of patients	171 (49.7% M, 50.2% F)
Age (mean)	7.5 yrs (range 5–14 yrs)
Causes^a	URTI^b/head and neck infections = 59.7%
	ENT surgery = 35.7%
	Others = 4.5%^c
Mean delay in diagnosis	33 days
F–H classification^d	Type I = 43.6%
	Type II = 35.6%
	Type III = 18.8%
	Type IV = 1.9%
Neurological impairment	8% (14/171 patients)
Treatment	96% conservative
	8.8% recurrence after conservative treatment
	3.6% first-line surgery
Outcome^e	3.6% permanent impairment reported

^aPercentage referred to the 154 cases with known cause; ^bURTI: upper respiratory tract infection; c: 1 bronchitis, 1 gastroenteritis, 1 recurrent esophagitis, 2 Kawasaki syndrome, 2 meningitis; ^dPercentage referred to the 101 cases with known F–H type; ^ePercentage referred to the 164 cases with known outcome.