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Maternal causes | Fetal causes |
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(1) Hemolytic diseases (spherocytosis, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia) | (1) Hemolytic diseases (spherocytosis, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia) |
(2) History of cholelithiasis | (2) Congenital malformation (CVS, GI, urologic, and skeletal) |
(3) Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy | (3) Anomalies of biliary tract or biliary obstruction |
(4) Intestinal malabsorption | (4) Chromosome anomalies (trisomy 21; translocation 10, 11) |
(5) Chronic liver disease | (5) Congenital malabsorption syndrome |
(6) Hypercholesterolemia | (6) Pancreatic cystic fibrosis |
(7) Increased estrogen and progesterone levels | (7) IUGR |
(8) All types of diabetes | (8) Fetal obesity or macrosomia |
(9) Obesity | (9) Oligohydramnios |
(10) Narcotic use (methadone) | (10) Polyhydramnios |
(11) Ceftriaxone treatment | (11) Prematurity |
(12) Anticancer drug treatment | (12) Prenatal leukemoid reaction |
(13) Prostaglandin E2 treatment | (13) Hepatitis |
(14) Furosemide treatment | (14) Fetal- maternal blood group incompatibility (rhesus or ABO blood group incompatibility) |
(15) Prolonged fasting | (15) Idiopathic |
(16) Dehydration | |
(17) Enteral nutrition | |
(18) Intoxication with denatured oil treated with steroid | |
(19) Twin pregnancy | |
(20) Twin pregnancy with fetal demise of one twin | |
(21) Placental abruption | |
(22) Sepsis | |
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