Hypophosphataemic Rickets Secondary to Raine Syndrome: A Review of the Literature and Case Reports of Three Paediatric Patients’ Dental Management

Table 2

The clinical, radiographic, and histological features of Hereditary Hypophosphataemic Rickets (HHR) and Raine Syndrome (RS) as described in the literature [2, 4–9, 11, 14, 15].

Diagnosis	Clinical features	Radiographic features	Histological features
Hereditary Hypophosphataemic Rickets (HHR)	Recurrent spontaneous dental abscesses, spontaneous loss of vitality, sinus tracts, eruption anomalies, defective dentine mineralisation, yellow-to-brown enamel hypoplasia, increased periodontal disease, malocclusion	Root resorption, pulp horns extending to enamel–dentine junction (EDJ), taurodontism, poorly defined lamina dura, hypoplastic alveolar ridge	Tubular dentinal clefts, increased and hypomineralised interglobular dentine, reduced secondary dentine, widened predentine, microclefts in enamel surface
Raine Syndrome (RS)	Hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta (AI), delayed dental eruption, high-vaulted palate, cleft palate, malocclusion, gingival enlargement, thin, yellow, and translucent enamel, incisal notch of central incisors	Ectopic eruption, pulpal calcifications, root hypoplasia, periapical pathology, lack of differentiation between enamel and dentine	Gingival or follicular calcifications, increased interglobular dentine, thin enamel