Giant Cell Arteritis Presenting with Mania, Psychosis, and Cognitive Dysfunction: A Case Report
Table 1
Diagnostic approach and treatment of GCA according to European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) recommendations [7].
Key symptoms
General symptoms (e.g., fever, weight-loss, and night sweats), jaw claudication, new-onset of persistent localized headache, acute visual symptoms (e.g., amaurosis fugax, acute visual loss), and tenderness of the superficial temporal arteries
Laboratory data
CRP, ESR, and liver enzymes
Imaging modalities
Ultrasound and MRI for temporal or other cranial arteries. Ultrasound, MRI, CT, or PET-CT for the aorta/extracranial arteries
Biopsy
Temporal artery biopsy
Pharmacological treatment
Glucocorticoids; adjunctive therapy, such as tocilizumab and methotrexate in selected patients. Antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy should not be routinely employed unless indicated for underlying cerebrovascular and coronary heart disease and are warranted in case of vascular ischemic complications.
