Sarcoid of the Upper Humerus Found Incidentally on MR Images Obtained for Work-Up of Rotator Cuff Tear Where Compromised Tissue Quality Was a Concern for Surgical Success

Table 1

Radiological findings of sarcoid of the humerus.

Authors	Patient demographics	Presentation	Past medical history	Radiological findings	Diagnosis	Management
Mehrotra et al. 2011	59-year-old woman	Left facial palsy after coryzal illness, otherwise asymptomatic	Facial nerve palsy	Radiographs: lytic lesions in the humerus; CT thorax/abdomen: low attenuation liver lesions and widespread vertebral, rib, pelvic lytic lesions	Biopsy	Did not receive steroids, has been stable for one year. Still has facial palsy.
Chaudhry and Richardson 2006	50-year-old man	Two-month history of right shoulder pain and mildly decreased mobility	Pulmonary sarcoidosis for eight years	Radiograph: faint sclerotic lesion in the inferomedial humeral head; MRI: abnormal marrow signal intensity in the medial humeral head. Low signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images. STIR image demonstrated a hyperintense signal focus within the marrow without cortical involvement; CT: focal area of mild sclerosis in the inferomedial humeral head; 99mTc radionuclide scan: mild uptake in the humeral head	Biopsy	Did not receive steroids (history of psychiatric side effects) and was treated with radiotherapy. His symptoms later improved.
Yachoui et al. 2015	58-year-old Caucasian woman	Six months of intermittent shoulder pain that eventually became constant	Hypertension, tonsillectomy	Radiograph: normal; MRI: high signal intensity on T2 fat suppressed sequence, intermediate intensity on T1-weighted imaging with postcontrast enhancement in humeral metaphysis; CT: hilar and mediastinal adenopathy; PET: numerous areas of increased activity	Biopsy	Their patient improved after a course of prednisone and hydroxychloroquine.
Henrie and Skedros 2018	50-year-old woman	Several-year history of intermittent low-grade right shoulder pain, which worsened acutely after her dog jerked on the leash	Diabetes, hypertension, anxiety, depression, and fatigue	Radiograph: normal; MRI: multiple lytic bone lesions of humerus	Biopsy	Did not receive steroids (contraindicated given history of diabetes). Received prolonged physical therapy and adalimumab injections.