Cutaneous-Pericardial Fistula: Rare Complication of Transapical Aortic Valve Replacement—Case Report and Literature Review

Table 1

Summary of previously published cases.

Author	Case no.	Sex	Age	Onset post TAVI (months)	EF (%)	BMI, (kg/m^2)	Comorbidities	Valve type	Valve size	Complications	BioGlue	Microbiology	Treatment	Outcome, follow-up
Pasic et al. [12]	1	F	87	3.8	60	23	—	ES	26	—	+	Sterile	Wound scar excision, remnants of BioGlue and pledgets removed, wound drainage+AB	No recurrence 21 months
	2	F	84	1.4	50	25	—	ES	23	—	+	Pseudomonas fluorescens	Wound scar excision, remnants of BioGlue and pledgets removed, wound drainage+AB	No recurrence 17 months
	3	F	87	2	50	28	—	ES	26	—	+	Skin flora	Wound scar excision, remnants of BioGlue and pledgets removed, wound drainage+AB	No recurrence 17 months
Baillot et al. [13]	4	F	79	24	65	33	TIA, hypothyroidism, CABG, CKD	ES	23	Pneumothorax UTI	−	E. cloacae	Wound debridement, rib resection, pectoralis major muscle flap+AB	—
	5	M	79	1	50	27	AF, COPD, gout, PVD, RA+steroids, DVT, CABG, CKD	ES	26	AF, renal failure, HF, pneumonia, empyema	−	S. epidermidis	Local debridement, fifth rib resection, empyema decortication, pectoralis major muscle flap+AB	—
	6	F	76	4	65	30	Hypothyroidism, DVT, PE, porcelain aorta	ES	23	AF/flutter	−	S. epidermidis	Local debridement, great omentum cover LV apex+AB	—
	7	F	64	2	50	35.2	DM, MI, PE, lung CA, RoRX	ES	26	HF	−	S. aureus	Local debridement, great omentum cover LV apex+AB	—
	8	F	77		20	31.2	PAF, PVD, COPD, active smoker	ES	26	HF	−	S. epidermidis	Wound debridement, rib resection, pectoralis major muscle flap+AB	—
Scheid et al. [10]	9	F	87	8	—	—	DM, HT, CABG	ES		Vacuum—assisted closure and antibiotics for wound infection	−	Proteus mirabilis	Surgical revision, pledgets removed, fifth and sixth rib resection+AB	No recurrence 3 months
Narala et al. [14]	10	M	77	4	—	—	CABG, recurrent IE, and chronic Q fever (hydroxychloroquine and doxycycline)	ES XT	29	Reexploration for hemorrhagic pericardial effusion, pneumonia, hematoma	−	Sterile	Rib resection, removal of the epicardial pacemaker lead, fistula repair, and replacement of the pledgets	—
Khan et al. [15]	11	F	87	4	38	—	HT, acute HF, pleural effusion	SAPIEN 3	23	—	−	Sterile	Needle aspiration	No recurrence 1 month

TIA: transitory ischemic attack; UTI: urinary tract infection; AF: atrial fibrillation; CA: cancer; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PVD: peripheral vascular disease; DVT: deep venous thrombosis; DM: diabetes mellitus; MI: myocardial infarction; PAF: paroxysmal AF; PE: pulmonary emboli; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; RoRX: radiotherapy; HF: heart failure; IMV: invasive mechanical ventilation; GIB: gastrointestinal bleeding; SSI: surgical site infection; ES: Edwards SAPIEN; AB: antibiotics.