|
| Author and year | Age (years) | Sex | Location | Presenting symptoms | Anticoagulant/antiplatelet | Risk factors | SAH | Treatment | Outcome |
|
| Miller 2004 | 67 | M | T11-S1 | Progressive loss of sensation, bilateral leg weakness, back pain, urinary retention | Warfarin | Atrial fibrillation | None | T10-L2 laminectomy | No recovery |
| Cha 2005 | 72 | F | T3-T6 | Bilateral lower extremity paraplegia, sensory loss, urinary retention, back pain | LMWH, ASA | Laryngeal cancer, NSTEMI | None | T3-T5 laminectomy | Minimal recovery |
| Chau 2008 | 52 | M | C7-L1 | Bilateral lower limb weakness, decreased lower extremity sensation, bowel and bladder dysfunction | LMWH | Salmonella typhi, reactive arthritis, type II diabetes | None | T11-T12 laminectomy | Partial recovery |
| Badge 2009 | 78 | F | T3-T12 | Nausea, giddiness, headache, back pain, progressive L lower extremity weakness and ataxia | Warfarin | Atrial fibrillation | None | T5 laminectomy | Improved |
| Mete 2010 | 42 | M | T6-L5 | Sudden headache and backache, agitation, paraparesis, meningismus | Warfarin | Cardiac pacemaker, h/o cardiac bypass | Yes | Conservative | Death (cardiac arrest) |
| Payer 2010 | 59 | M | T2-T9 | Left-dominant paraparesis below T8, weakness, sphincter dysfunction | ASA, clopidogrel | Cardiac stenting | None | Conservative | Full strength recovery at 1 year, improvement in ataxia, paresthesia, urge incontinence |
| Wang 2012 | 67 | F | L4-S1 | Back pain, bilateral radiating leg pain, bifrontotemporal headache, bilateral lower extremity weakness and numbness | ASA, clopidogrel | Atrial fibrillation, concomitant SDH | None | Conservative (SSDH), burr hole craniotomy (SDH) | Full recovery at 1 year |
| Bruce-Brand 2013 | 76 | M | L1-L4 | Sudden onset severe low back pain, lower extremity weakness | Warfarin | Atrial fibrillation, type II diabetes, HTN, dyslipidemia | None | T12-L4 laminectomy | Partial recovery at 6 months |
| Castillo 2015 | 69 | M | T3-conus | Back pain, bilateral lower extremity paraplegia, bowel and bladder dysfunction | Rivaroxaban | Atrial fibrillation | None | Cervical and lumbar drains | No recovery at 6 months |
| Dargazanli 2015 | 72 | M | T6-T8 | Interscapular back pain, rapidly progressive bilateral lower extremity paraplegia, decreased lower extremity sensation to pain and temperature L > R | Rivaroxaban | Atrial fibrillation | None | T6-T8 laminectomy | No improvement at 6 months |
| Frioui 2015 | 65 | F | T12-L1 | Back pain, paraparesis, urinary retention | Unclear anticoagulant | Atrial fibrillation, HTN | None | Conservative | Neurological recovery observed at 24 h. Persistent urinary retention at 1 year |
| Jung 2015 | 53 | F | C7-T6 | Sudden onset headache, nausea, vomiting, meningismus, bilateral lower extremity sensory loss and weakness, back pain | Warfarin | Aortic valve replacement | Yes | C7-T6 laminectomy | Improvement in anal tone and bladder function |
| Zaarour 2015 | 58 | M | C7-T2 | Interscapular back pain, progressive bilateral lower extremity weakness and numbness | Rivaroxaban | Atrial fibrillation, type II diabetes, HTN, dyslipidemia, recent THA with spinal anesthesia | None | Initially conservative, C7 corpectomy at HD4 | Improved |
| Siasios 2016 | 38 | F | Diffuse | Severe neck and back pain | Warfarin | Recent C-section, PE | None | Conservative | Full recovery at discharge |
| Wolfe 2017 | 67 | M | Cervicothoracic | Left lower extremity weakness, urinary retention | Dabigatran | Atrial fibrillation, endocarditis, PCKD s/p transplant, BPH, OSA, melanoma | Yes | Conservative | Full recovery in 2 days |
| Akiyama 2017 | 71 | M | T7-S1 | 2 weeks history bilateral lower leg pain, dysesthesia, paraparesis, urinary disturbance, and fever | Ticlodipine | L cerebral infarct, unruptured L MCA aneurysms | None | L3-L4 laminectomy | Improved |
| Bunevicius 2017 | 68 | M | T2-T6 | Left-sided chest and back pain, L leg weakness, and R leg numbness | Warfarin | Atrial fibrillation | None | T3-T6 hemilaminectomy | Partial improvement |
| Bang 2018 | Middle aged | F | Thoracolumbar | Lower extremity weakness after assault | Rivaroxaban | Atrial flutter | None | Laminectomy | No improvement |
| Colell 2018 | 75 | F | Diffuse | Bilateral lower extremity weakness L > R, decreased sensation | Apixaban | Atrial fibrillation, HTN | None | Laminectomy | Improved at 6 months |
| Girithari 2018 | 57 | F | T4-T8 | Back pain, headache, vomiting, bilateral lower extremity weakness, urinary retention | Warfarin | DVT | None | Laminectomy | No improvement at 6 months |
| Mchaourab 2018 | 68 | M | T1-T5 | Back pain, urinary retention, headache, neck stiffness, vomiting, bilateral limb weakness, and ataxia | Apixaban | Atrial fibrillation | Possible | Conservative | Partial improvement |
| Arain 2019 | 80 | F | T4-T9 | Bilateral lower extremity paraplegia, incontinence | Warfarin | Atrial fibrillation | None | T3-T11 laminectomy | Partial improvement |
| Ardebol 2019 | 67 | F | T4-T7 | Back pain, progressive bilateral lower extremity paraplegia, bowel and bladder dysfunction | Apixaban | Atrial fibrillation | None | T4-T7 laminectomy | Full recovery at 1 year |
| Weiner 2019 | 42 | F | L1-S1 | Vaginal pain, back pain radiating down the right leg, left leg weakness, frontal headache | Warfarin, ASA | Rheumatic heart disease, mechanical mitral valve, CVA, concomitant SDH, concomitant arachnoiditis | Yes | Craniotomy for SDH, conservative for SSDH | Full recovery at 1 month |
|
