Abstract
A Tritrichomonas foetus and Giardia duodenalis mixed infection was diagnosed in two Maine Coon cats aged six months. One of them presented a history of chronic liquid diarrhea and of several unsuccessful treatments. In both cats, G. duodenalis and trichomonads were detected in fecal smears from freshly voided feces; the presence of T. foetus was confirmed by a real-time PCR assay. The cats completely recovered after treatment with ronidazole. In a refrigerated fecal sample collected from the cat with chronic diarrhea, drop-shaped trichomonad pseudocysts smaller than G. duodenalis cysts were detected. They appeared brownish or light-bluish when stained with Lugol’s solution or with Giemsa stain, respectively, and their morphological features were similar to those expressed by bovine T. foetus pseudocysts in vitro. Existence of pseudocysts even in feline trichomonads is noteworthy as they could represent a form of protozoan resistance due to unfavorable conditions whose detection in refrigerated feces can be a useful clue for clinicians.
1. Introduction
Tritrichomonas foetus, agent of bovine trichomonosis, was recently recognized as a primary cause of feline trichomoniasis, a large bowel disease characterized by intermittent or chronic diarrhea mainly occurring in multihoused cats from catteries or shelters [1–3]. The infection was frequently diagnosed in cats younger than 1 year with worldwide distribution [4]. Similar to other trichomonads, for example, those infecting humans, T. foetus presents only a trophozoite stage although a pseudocyst stage was described for the bovine isolate [5, 6]. Giardia duodenalis is an intestinal protozoan with a large diffusion and prevalence values highly variable in domestic cats [7–9]. Several surveys showed that cats host specific or zoonotic Giardia assemblages [7, 9, 10]. Giardia has often been found in the feces of diarrheic cats singly or in coinfection with T. foetus [11]. However, reports of coinfection with both of these enteropathogens are limited, and no pseudocyst stage of T. foetus in cat feces was previously reported [5]. Further, ronidazole was documented to be effective for the control of Tritrichomonas infection in cats whereas its efficacy against Giardia was demonstrated only in dogs [12]. This article reports a coinfection with T. foetus and G. duodenalis in two owned cats and the pseudocyst stage of T. foetus in feline feces with its morphology.
2. Case Presentation
Two littermate Maine Coon females aged six months underwent examination by the referring veterinarian as one of them presented a 3-month history of liquid malodorous diarrhea. A previous diagnosis following coprological analyses in both cats had indicated an infection sustained by ascarids and the animals had been treated by practitioners with milbemycine oxime and praziquantel (2 mg/kg bw and 5 mg/kg bw, resp., PO, single administration). Due to persistent diarrhea, in the affected cat coprological analyses were repeated to verify both effectiveness of treatment against ascarids and a possible infection with Giardia. The cat resulted in being positive for Giardia coproantigens (IDEXX SNAP® Giardia Test, IDEXX Laboratories, Hoofddorp, Netherlands) and was treated with fenbendazole (50 mg/kg bw, PO, SID) for 5 days, obtaining only a moderate and transient improvement of feces consistence. As some weeks after this treatment liquid diarrhea continued, another fecal test was performed revealing the persistence of Giardia coproantigens. A treatment with spiramycin and metronidazole (75000 IU/kg bw 12.5 mg/kg bw, PO, SID) followed for 10 days. The feces became formed and no longer malodorous, but few days after treatment signs recurred. In the meantime, the two cats still continued to use the same litter and even the one whose feces had always been formed began to present mucous diarrhea. Thus, fecal samples collected from the two animals were submitted to the Veterinary Parasitology Laboratory of University of Milan for parasitological evaluation. Overall, parasitological analysis was performed on two fecal samples for each cat. The first two samples were analyzed after refrigeration in the same day, whereas the following samples were analyzed fresh having them delivered within almost 30 minutes after defecation. Centrifugation-flotation technique by NaNO3 solution (s.g. 1200 g/L), fresh fecal smears stained with Lugol’s solution, and Giardia and Cryptosporidium coproantigens detection by an available commercial kit (RIDA®QUICK Cryptosporidium/Giardia Combi, R-Biopharm AG, Darmstadt, Germany) were performed.
No protozoan cysts or trophozoites and no ova of helminths were detected by centrifugation-flotation technique in both cats, whereas they were positives to Giardia-coproantigens. However, in the fecal smear stained with Lugol’s solution obtained from the refrigerated sample of the cat with chronic liquid diarrhea, several cysts and trophozoites of G. duodenalis and unidentified elements were found. The latter appeared smaller (length: average 8.18 μm, min–max 6.98–8.88 μm; width: average 6.35 μm, min–max 6.06–6.83 μm) than cysts and trophozoites of G. duodenalis, were drop-shaped and brownish in color. An additional Giemsa stained fecal smear confirmed the presence of the unidentified drop-shaped elements (DSE) together with G. duodenalis cysts and trophozoites (Figure 1) and detected other elements showing clear morphological features of trichomonads trophozoites (Figure 2). At Giemsa staining, DSE appeared stained light-bluish; they presented a partially smooth surface, an undulated portion, and an internal curved linear structure, pink-violet stained, resembling the curved costa observed in bovine T. foetus living pseudocysts. In addition, some of DSE in the fecal smear stained with Lugol’s solution presented an internal oval structure (Figure 3) [6, 13]. According to the morphological features of the parasitic elements, an infection sustained by T. foetus or by Pentatrichomonas hominis was then hypothesized. Analysis of the second fecal samples by saline solution-diluted fresh fecal smear confirmed only presence of trophozoites belonging to T. foetus/P. hominis showing an undulating membrane, the flagella, and a rapid forward motion (Figure 4). The fecal samples were processed for molecular analysis by a real-time PCR targeting T. foetus 5.8S rRNA gene (AF339736) that was performed at IDEXX Laboratories, Vet Med Labor GmbH, as previously described [11]. Molecular analyses of extracted nucleic acid from the fecal samples of the two cats confirmed the organism to be T. foetus. The diagnosis was mixed intestinal infection with T. foetus and G. duodenalis in both cats. Following the results of the latest parasitological analysis and, primarily, the diagnosis of T. foetus infection, the two animals were treated with ronidazole (30 mg/kg bw, PO, SID) for 14 days. Before suspending therapy, parasitological analyses and PCR assays were performed and the fecal samples tested negative. Six weeks after treatment, the owner reported that the two cats had formed feces and they still tested negative for parasitological analysis.
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3. Discussion
T. foetus and G. duodenalis are both causative agents of diarrhea in cats, and their observed prevalence is extremely variable in owned cats. In a recent study, 0.7% of cats presented to a cat clinic were shedding T. foetus, whereas it in cat shows the prevalence of T. foetus infection exceeded 30% [2]. Prevalence of G. duodenalis in owned cats, estimated using detection of coproantigens, showed a high variability [7, 9, 14]. T. foetus and G. duodenalis mixed infection in purebred cat is likely quite a common condition (prevalence = 4.35% to 22.72%) [15, 16]. Diagnosis of T. foetus from fecal samples can be performed by different methods such as copromicroscopic examination, fecal cultures (InPouch TF-Feline), and PCR. Cultures and PCR have been considered methods with high sensitivity; however, cultures need a long time of incubation (12 days) before a sample can be considered negative or positive for T. foetus. Further, in microscopic analysis of fecal smears or cultures aimed at searching for T. foetus trophozoites, the examined fecal samples should be from fresh voided feces or rectal swabs in which live trophozoites are more easily recognized. More recently, low specificity of cultures was demonstrated and a possible misdiagnosis of tritrichomonosis in cats using InPouchTM TF-Feline medium might occur [17]. In cats, T. foetus is considered trichomonads with no existing cyst form; nevertheless, formation of pseudocysts or of true cysts has been already observed in several trichomonads, probably as a response to environmental stress [18]. Pseudocysts with internalization of flagella were usually observed in T. foetus isolated from cattle both in vitro and in vivo [13, 18]. In vitro, a large number of pseudocysts of bovine T. foetus can be obtained from cultures grown at 37°C when cooled to 4°C for 4 h [5]. DSE isolated in the feces of diarrheic cats had morphological features similar to those observed in bovine T. foetus living pseudocysts obtained in vitro. Particularly, they presented an internal oval structure resembling the nucleus and some undulations due to the movement of the internalized recurrent flagellum inside the cells of bovine T. foetus living pseudocysts recorded by differential interference contrast microscopy [5]. Even though further investigations should be performed under experimental conditions, DSE found in feline feces could be reasonably considered T. foetus pseudocysts. Moreover, their detection in fecal smears stained with Lugol’s solution or Giemsa stain obtained from a refrigerated sample could be of particular interest for clinicians as positive control with supporting the diagnosis of T. foetus infections in cats and catteries [11, 19]. To date, the presence of trichomonads can be detected via light microscopy only in freshly voided feces [4]. Moreover, pseudocysts could represent a form of parasite resistance developing under unfavorable conditions, explaining both the observed environmental resilience of feline T. foetus in feces at room temperature and at +4°C after 24 h storage and their diffusion among feline hosts in shelters or catteries [20]. As for Giardia, the infection is usually treated with fenbendazole and metronidazole, whereas ronidazole is currently the treatment of choice against T. foetus [21]. In this case report, ronidazole was effective against both T. foetus and G. duodenalis. In addition, this is the first report showing the effectiveness of ronidazole against G. duodenalis in cats, as this medication had been previously successfully used against this agent only in kennel dogs [12].
Competing Interests
Authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.