Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in Chronic Heart Failure

Table 1

Characteristics of 19 studies included in meta-analysis.

Study	Length of follow-up	Location	Ventilator mode	Ventilator parameters	Ventilator connection method	Patients	Control	Trial (m/f), age (ys)	Control (m/f), age	Results
Arzt et al. 2005	3 months	Germany	CPAP	CPAP: 8 to 12 cm H2O	Face mask	CHF with CSA	Nasal oxygen treatment	14 (NP), 64.0 ± 2	10 (NP), 65.0 ± 2	Ventilatory efficiency LVEF
Bradley et al. 2005	2 years	Canada	CPAP	CPAP: 10 cm H2O	Face mask	CHF with CSA	SMT	128 (125/3), 63.2 ± 9.1	130 (123/7), 63.5 ± 9.8	Effect of CPAP on CSA and LVEF Death rates
Egea et al. 2008	3 months	Spain	CPAP	NP	Face mask	CHF with SA	Sham-CPAP	28 (24/4), 64.0 ± 0.9	32 (29/3), 63.0 ± 1.6	AHI and LVEF
Ferrier et al. 2008	6 months	New Zealand	CPAP	NP	Face mask	CHF with OSA	SMT	19 (16/3), 58.5 ± 11.2	7 (3/4), 60.3 ± 4.3	LVEF, SBP, BNP, LVESD, LVEDD
Granton et al. 1996	3 months	Canada	NCPAP	CPAP: 10 to 12.5 cm H2O	Nasal mask	CHF with CSR-CSA	SMT	9 (NP), 58.3 ± 2.2	8 (NP), 58.0 ± 2.0	MIP and MEP, LVEF, dyspnea
Haruki et al. 2011	6 months	Japan	ASV	EPAP: 5 cm H2O; IPAP: 3–10 cm H2O	Face mask	CHF	SMT	15 (11/4), 67.0 ± 11.0	11 (8/3), 67.0 ± 14.0	LVEF, LVEDV, LVESV
Hastings et al. 2010	6 months	United Kingdom	ASV	NP	Face mask	CHF with SA	SMT	11 (NP), 61.3 ± 10.0	8 (NP), 64.5 ± 8.0	AHI, LVEF, BNP
Johnson et al. 2008	6.9 ± 3.3 months	Canada and United States	CPAP	CPAP: 10.6 ± 1.6 cm; H2O	Nasal mask; Face mask	CHF with OSA	SMT	7 (7/0), 61.0 ± 12.0	5 (5/0), 62.0 ± 9.0	Stroke volume, LVEF, LVEDV, LVESV
Joho et al. 2012	3.5 ± 0.8 months	Japan	ASV	EPAP: 4-5 cm H2O IPAP: 3–10 cm H2O	Face mask	CHF with CSA	SMT	20 (18/2), 62.0 ± 11.0	12 (10/2), 68.0 ± 9.0	LVEF, LVDd, LVDs, BNP, MSNA
Kaneko et al. 2003	1 month	Canada	CPAP	CPAP: 8.9 ± 0.7 cm H2O	NP	CHF with OSA	SMT	12 (11/1), 55.9 ± 2.5	12 (10/2), 55.2 ± 3.6	BP, HR, LVESD, LVEDD, LVEF
Koyama et al. 2010	1 month	Japan	ASV	EPAP: 4 cm H2O; IPAP: 3–10 cm H2O	NP	CHF with SDB	SMT	10 (8/2), 68.4 ± 4.0	7 (4/3), 71.4 ± 7.6	AHI hs-CRP BNP LVEF
Koyama et al. 2011	12 months	Japan	ASV	EPAP: 5 cm H2O; IPAP: 3–10 cm H2O	NP	CHF with SDB	SMT	27 (23/4), 74.8 ± 7.6	16 (13/3), 75.4 ± 6.4	eGFRhs-CRP, LVEF
Mansfield et al. 2004	3 months	Australia	CPAP	CPAP: 8.8 ± 1.4 mm Hg	Nasal mask	CHF with OSA	SMT	28 (28/0), 57.2 ± 1.7	27 (24/3), 57.5 ± 1.6	LVEF, UNE
Naughton et al. 1995	1 month	Canada	NCPAP	CPAP: 10 to 12.5 cm H2O	Nasal mask	CHF with CSR-CSA	SMT	12 (NP), 61.0 ± 3.2	12 (NP), 56.6 ± 3.2	LVEF effect of NCPAP on CSA
Oldenburg et al. 2011	12 months	Germany	ASV	EPAP: 4-5 cm H2O; IPAP: 3–10 cm H2O	Face mask	CHF with CSR	SMT and CPAP noncompliance	56 (54/2), 67.7 ± 9.5	59 (52/7), 62.5 ± 11.8	NT-proBNP; LVEF parameters of SDB
Pepperell et al. 2003	1 month	United Kingdom	ASV	EPAP: 5 cm H2O; IPAP: 3–10 cm H2O	NP	CHF with CSR	Subtherapeutic ASV	15 (15/0), 71.4 ± 8.6	15 (14/1), 70.9 ± 7.9	Osler test BNP
Tkacova et al. 1997	1 month	Canada	CPAP	CPAP: 10 to 12.5 cm H2O	Nasal mask	CHF with CSR-CSA	SMT	9 (NP), 61.0 ± 1.9	8; (NP), 58.6 ± 2.4	LVEF, ANP, MRF
Usui et al. 2005	1 month	Canada	CPAP	CPAP: 7.5 ± 0.5 cm H2O	NP	CHF with OSA	SMT	8 (8/0), 55.0 ± 2.0	9 (7/2), 52.2 ± 4.1	MSNA, BP, HR, LVEF
Yoshihisa et al. 2011	6 months	Japan	ASV	EPAP: 4–10 mm Hg; IPAP: 4–20 mm Hg	NP	CHF with CSR-CSA	SMT	23 (20/3), 60.8 ± 13.7	37 (29/8), 60.5 ± 16.7	LVEF BNP cardiac systolic and diastolic function

CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; ASV: adaptive servoventilation; EPAP: expiratory positive airway pressure; IPAP: inspiratory positive airway pressure; NP: not provided; CHF: chronic heart failure; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea; CSR: Cheyne-Stokes respiration; CSA: central sleep apnea; SA: sleep apnea; SDB: sleep-disordered breathing; SMT: standard medical treatment; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MSNA: muscle sympathetic nerve activity; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; AHI: apnea/hypopnea index; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C- reactive protein; ANP: atrial natriuretic peptide; UNE: urinary norepinephrine; BP: blood pressure; HR: heart rate; MIP: maximal inspiratory pressure; MEP: maximal inspiratory pressure; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVDd: left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVDs: left ventricular end-systolic dimension.