Concentration (millimoles of metabolite per millimoles of total solute) of the top 10 VIP metabolites in urine of subjects with stable COPD, AECOPD, CHF, and PNA.
Stable COPD (n = 15)
AECOPD (n = 12)
CHF (n = 8)
PNA (n = 9)
Creatinine
1.4 × 10−2 ± 8.6 × 10−3
1 × 10−2 ± 4 × 10−3
7.3 × 10−3 ± 5.6 × 10−3
9.1 × 10−3 ± 3.5 × 10−3
Citrate
2.9 × 10−3 ± 1.9 × 10−3†‡
1.7 × 10−3 ± 3 × 10−3
4.8 × 10−4 ± 8.8 × 10−4
6.1 × 10−4 ± 5.2 × 10−4
Mannitol
2.6 × 10−3 ± 2.3 × 10−3†
1.2 × 10−3 ± 1.1 × 10−3
4.2 × 10−4 ± 3.1 × 10−4
8.5 × 10−4 ± 7.6 × 10−4
Cis-aconitate
5.6 × 10−4 ± 2.5 × 10−4†
4 × 10−4 ± 2.6 × 10−4
2.6 × 10−4 ± 3.3 × 10−4
2.8 × 10−4 ± 1.1 × 10−4
Furoylglycine
3.7 × 10−4 ± 5.3 × 10−4
7 × 10−5 ± 8.7 × 10−5
6.6 × 10−5 ± 8.4 × 10−5
4.7 × 10−5 ± 3.5 × 10−5
3-Hydroxymandelate
3 × 10−4 ± 2.710−4
8.5 × 10−5 ± 7.2 × 10−5
1.3 × 10−4 ± 1.7 × 10−4
1.1 × 10−4 ± 1.1 × 10−4
Oxoglutarate
3 × 10−4 ± 1.910−4†
2 × 10−4 ± 1.2 × 10−4
1.4 × 10−4 ± 1.5 × 10−4
1.3 × 10−4 ± 5.6 × 10−5
Methyl-2-oxovalerate
1.1 × 10−4 ± 8.2 × 10−5†
5.9 × 10−5 ± 3.2 × 10−5
4.1 × 10−5 ± 4.210−5
6.5 × 10−5 ± 5.5 × 10−5
Nicotinamide N-oxide
2.5 × 10−5 ± 4 × 10−5‡
2.9 × 10−6 ± 6.2 × 10−6
7 × 10−6 ± 1.1 × 10−5
6.2 × 10−6 ± 1.3 × 10−5
Niacinamide
1.7 × 10−5 ± 1.1 × 10−5‡†
2.2 × 10−6 ± 3.5 × 10−6
5.2 × 10−6 ± 6.9 × 10−6
1.8 × 10−6 ± 3.1 × 10−6
We selected the top-10 metabolites with the highest VIP score. versus AECOPD, † versus CHF, ‡ versus PNA. AECOPD = acute exacerbation of COPD, CHF = congestive heart failure, PNA = pneumonia.
