Research Article
Predictors of Sleep Apnea in the Canadian Population
Table 1
Univariate associations between sleep apnea and independent variables of interest.
| | Predictors | Diagnosed sleep apnea | value | | No (%) | Yes (%) | | 96.6 | 3.4% |
| | Sex | | | Female | 51.5 | 34.6 | — | | Male | 48.5 | 65.4 | <0.001 | | Age | | | 18–44 | 48.9 | 24.3 | — | | 45–64 | 35.2 | 55.1 | <0.001 | | ≥65 | 15.4 | 20.6 | <0.001 | | Ethnicity | | | White | 81.0 | 89.3 | — | | Others | 19.0 | 10.7 | 0.018 | | Born in Canada | | | In Canada | 74.7 | 78.3 | — | | Outside Canada | 25.3 | 21.7 | 0.404 | | Marital status | | | | | Single/separate/widow/divorced | 36.1 | 26.4 | — | | Married/common-in-law | 63.9 | 73.6 | 0.030 | | Education | | | Less than secondary | 16.1 | 17.4 | — | | Secondary graduation | 15.3 | 13.9 | 0.658 | | Postsecondary and above | 68.6 | 68.7 | 0.825 | | Employment | | | Unemployed | 33.8 | 38.0 | — | | Full-time employed | 55.8 | 52.2 | 0.330 | | Part-time employed | 10.4 | 9.8 | 0.573 | | BMI | | | Normal (<25) | 49.6 | 10.6 | — | | Overweight (25–30) | 33.7 | 48.4 | <0.001 | | Obesity (≥30) | 16.8 | 41.0 | <0.001 | | Smoking status | | | Nonsmoker | 37.4 | 25.9 | — | | Ex-smoker | 41.4 | 51.4 | 0.008 | | Current smoker | 21.2 | 22.6 | 0.080 | | Five or more alcohol drinks in past 12 months | | | None | 59.6 | 62.9 | — | | Once or less in a month | 28.8 | 29.3 | 0.859 | | Twice or more in a month | 11.6 | 7.7 | 0.131 | | Daily 15 min physical activity | | | No | 68.3 | 73.8 | — | | Yes | 31.7 | 26.2 | 0.186 | | Own the dwelling place | | | No | 25.5 | 26.3 | — | | Yes | 74.5 | 73.7 | 0.849 | | Household income | | | <$30,000 | 14.7 | 14.2 | — | | $30,000 to 99,999 | 49.5 | 46.4 | 0.902 | | ≥100,000 | 25.5 | 28.1 | 0.608 | | Not stated | 10.3 | 11.3 | 0.806 | | Geographic location | | | Atlantic area | 7.0 | 6.8 | — | | Quebec | 24.1 | 12.9 | 0.087 | | Ontario | 38.5 | 52.8 | 0.259 | | Prairie area | 16.8 | 12.3 | 0.424 | | BC | 13.6 | 15.1 | 0.710 | | Hypertension | | | No | 81.4 | 66.0 | — | | Yes | 18.6 | 34.0 | <0.001 | | Migraine headache | | | No | 89.6 | 88.8 | — | | Yes | 10.4 | 11.2 | 0.738 | | COPD | | | No | 96.3 | 90.5 | — | | Yes | 3.7 | 9.5 | 0.001 | | Diabetes | | | No | 94.1 | 84.0 | — | | Yes | 5.9 | 16.0 | <0.001 | | Heart disease | | | No | 95.3 | 88.6 | — | | Yes | 4.7 | 11.4 | <0.001 | | Anxiety disorder | | | No | 94.8 | 88.6 | — | | Yes | 5.2 | 11.4 | 0.006 | | Pain or discomfort | | | No | 82.9 | 69.0 | — | | Yes | 17.1 | 31.0 | <0.001 | | Loud snoring | | | Snoring not louder than talking | 85.0 | 51.0 | — | | Snoring louder than talk | 15.0 | 49.0 | <0.001 | | Trouble of going/staying asleep | | | None of the time | 34.1 | 35.2 | — | | Some of the time | 50.1 | 35.4 | 0.090 | | Most of the time | 15.8 | 29.4 | 0.020 | | How often awakened suddenly with gasping or choking | | | Never | 94.3 | 74.4 | — | | Rarely or sometimes | 4.3 | 14.4 | <0.001 | | Once a week or more | 1.5 | 11.2 | <0.001 | | Feeling tired or sleepy during daytime | | | No | 54.7 | 40.4 | — | | Yes | 45.3 | 59.6 | 0.006 | | Nodded or fallen asleep in driving in the past 12 months | | | No | 86.6 | 87.4 | — | | Yes | 4.4 | 8.0 | 0.084 | | Does not drive | 9.1 | 4.6 | 0.055 |
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COPD only diagnosed in persons who were 35 years and older. |
