Review Article

Chest Ultrasonography in Modern Day Extreme Settings: From Military Setting and Natural Disasters to Space Flights and Extreme Sports

Table 1

Applications of CU in extreme settings according to the literature.

AuthorsKind of studyNumber of subjectsSettingCondition assessed

Farrow [26]Pilot study19UNMIL Hospital in Dili, East Timor, or with 3rd Health Support Battalion (3H SB)Hemothorax and hemopericardium
Cremona et al. [27]Prospective study262Monte Rosa mountain (4559 m)PE
Strode et al. [28]Original research5U.S. Army Combat Support Hospital, remotely placed in the field 20 miles from tertiary carePericardial effusion
Foale et al. [29]Original research1International Space Station (ISS)Normal anatomy
Fagenholz et al. [30]Original research11Himalayan Rescue Association Clinic, Pheriche, Nepal (4240 m)PE
Dean et al. [31]Original research3Aftermath of Hurricane Stan (out of total 139 US examinations in 9 days)Pleura and lung injuries
Frassi et al. [32]Prospective study31International Apnea Diving Championship, Sharm El Sheikh, EgyptPE
Otto et al. [33]Brief report2Advanced Base Camp on Mount Everest (6400 m)PE
Madill [34]Case report1Forward operating base in combat scenario, AfghanistanPneumothorax
Pratali et al. [35]Observational study18Trekking Gokyo and Khumbu Valley, Kathmandu (1350 m), Namche Bazaar (3440 m), Gokyo (4790 m), and Gorak Shep (5130 m), NepalPE
Pingitore et al. [36]Original research31Ironman Triathlon (3.8 km swimming + 180 km cycling + 42 km running); Pisa, Italy (30 m above the sea level)PE
Boussuges et al. [37]Original research30Apnea diving competition in the Mediterrenean Sea (autumn and winter)PE
Shorter and Macias [38]Retrospective observational67-Richter magnitude earthquakeHemodynamic monitoring, PE, consolidation, atelectasis, and lung recruitment
Yin et al. [39]Retrospective analysis97Lushan earthquakeHemodynamic monitoring, PE, consolidation, atelectasis, and lung recruitment

PE = pulmonary edema.