Neighborhood Material Deprivation Is Associated with Childhood Asthma Development: Analysis of Prospective Administrative Data

Table 2

Associations between asthma visits and neighborhood deprivation and covariables in each year of life among children living in the Greater Toronto Area.

Predictor	OR (95% CI)^b of asthma visits by year using fixed-intercept GLMM^c	OR (95% CI)^b of asthma visits by year using GEE^d
High deprivation	1.03 (1.02, 1.05)	1.03 (1.02, 1.05)
Male sex	1.36 (1.34, 1.37)	1.37 (1.36, 1.39)
Preterm birth	1.47 (1.44, 1.51)	1.52 (1.48, 1.56)
Obesity	1.48 (1.45, 1.51)	1.47 (1.44, 1.51)
Other atopic conditions^a	2.82 (2.77, 2.87)	2.79 (2.74, 2.85)

^aAtopic conditions other than asthma (allergic rhinitis, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis). ^bAdjusted odds ratio of asthma (95% confidence interval), also adjusted for year of birth. Results of ^cgeneralized linear mixed model (subject-specific model) and ^dGeneralized Estimating Equations (population-average model).