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| Authors, year | Case source | Subjects | Major inclusive criteria | Follow-up (days) | Location | Outcome | Indications of HFNC | Indications of NIV | Trial registration number |
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| Jing et al., 2018 | — | 42 | Patients with hypercapnia (PaCO2 > 45 mmHg) at the time of extubation and met the “pulmonary infection control window” criteria | 28 | China | The primary outcome parameters were ABG analysis and vital signs. Secondary outcomes included duration of respiratory support, length of ICU stay, the patients’ comfort score, and incidence of adverse events. | The humidifier temperature was set at 37°C, and the fraction of inspired oxygen was adjusted to maintain oxygen saturation recorded by pulse oximetry (SpO2) at 88–92%. | The IPAP was initiated at 10–12 cm H2O, EPAP started at 4-5 cm H2O, and subsequent adjustments were based on the patients’ ABGs. | ClinicalTrials (NCT03458364) |
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| Yu et al., 2019 | ICU | 72 | Extubation patients with hypercapnia (PaCO2 > 50 mmHg) | Not mentioned | China | The ABG, respiratory rate, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, reintubation rate, mortality, intensive care unit stay, and incidence of adverse events. | The humidifier temperature was set at 37°C, and the fraction of inspired oxygen was adjusted according to ABGs and patients’ symptoms and signs. | The IPAP was initiated at 10～14 cm H2O, and EPAP was 4～6 cm H2O. Variables were adjusted according to ABGs and patients’ symptoms and signs. | No |
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| Wang et al., 2019 | RICU | 43 | AECOPD patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure | 28 | China | The treatment failure rate, tracheal intubation rate, complications, and 28-day survival rate. | Both the flow rate and the fraction of inspired oxygen were according to ABGs and patients’ symptoms and signs. | Both IPAP and EPAP were adjusted according to ABGs and patients’ symptoms and signs. | No |
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| Cong et al., 2019 | ICU | 168 | AECOPD patients | Not mentioned | China | The primary endpoint was ABG analysis. Secondary clinical endpoints included ventilation support time, hospitalization days and complications, comfort, and nursing satisfaction. | The air temperature was set at 37°C at a flow rate of 30–35 L/min. | The IPAP was set at 10 cm H2O, and EPAP was set at 5 cm H2O at the beginning and gradually increased after the patient adapted. Patients’ symptoms and signs were monitored, and FiO2 was adjusted to ensure oxygen saturation2. | No |
| Tan et al, 2020 | ICU | 86 | Extubation patients with COPD patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure | 28 | China | The primary endpoint was treatment failure. Secondary outcomes included arterial blood gas analysis and vital signs. | The initial airflow was set at 50 L/min and adjusted according to patient tolerance. The HFNC was set to an absolute humidity of 44 mg H2O/L, temperature was set to 37°C, and FiO2 was adjusted to maintain an SpO2 of 88–92%. | The initial EPAP was set to 4 cm H2O, while the IPAP was initially set to 8 cm H2O. The pressure level was gradually increased to achieve a satisfactory tidal volume with acceptable tolerance. The pressure level and the fraction of inspiration oxygen (FiO2) were adjusted to maintain 88–92% SpO2. | Chictr.org (ChiCTR1800018530) |
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| Papachatzakis et al., 2020 | ED | 40 | Patients suffering acute respiratory failure type 2 | Not mentioned | Greece | Endpoints were intubation and mortality rate, length of hospitalization, duration of therapy, and possible differences between vital signs, ABGs, and comfort. | The initial airflow was set at a flow of 35 L/min, titrating flow upward if tolerated to 45–50 L/min, in order to maintain SaO2 > 90% or according to specific clinical orders. | Expiratory and inspiratory pressures were gradually increased to the maximum tolerated over 1 h, in order to maintain SaO2 > 90%, or according to specific clinical orders. | No |
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