Characteristics, Management, and Outcomes of Community-Acquired Pneumonia Due to Human Rhinovirus—A Retrospective Study
Table 1
Characteristics of patients admitted with rhinovirus pneumonia.
Variable
All patients N = 106
ICU admission N = 16
No ICU admission N = 90
value
Age (years), median (Q1, Q3)
71.5 (44.0, 84.0)
69.0 (47.0, 82.8)
72.0 (43.8, 84.0)
0.81
Male gender, N (%)
50 (47.2)
6 (37.5)
44 (48.9)
0.40
BMI (kg/m2), median (Q1, Q3)
27.3 (22.7, 35.04)
30.3 (23.0, 40.0)
27.0 (22.7, 34.3)
0.27
Smoking, N (%)
8 (7.5)
2 (12.5)
6 (6.7)
0.42
Comorbidities, N (%)
Diabetes
53 (50.0)
8 (50.0)
8 (50.0)
8 (50.0)
Hypertension
62 (59.0)
11 (68.8)
51 (57.3)
0.39
Hypothyroidism
16 (15.1)
3 (18.8)
13 (14.4)
0.66
Heart failure
37 (34.9)
8 (50.0)
29 (32.2)
0.17
Cerebrovascular accident
20 (18.9)
2 (12.5)
18 (20.0)
0.48
Chronic kidney disease
22 (20.8)
2 (12.5)
20 (22.2)
0.38
Dialysis
8 (7.5)
0 (0)
8 (8.9)
0.22
Ischemic heart disease
22 (20.8)
6 (37.5)
16 (17.8)
0.07
Dyslipidemia
27 (25.5)
3 (18.8)
24 (26.7)
0.50
Chronic respiratory disease
47 (44.3)
10 (62.5)
37 (41.1)
0.40
Liver disease
3 (2.8)
1 (6.3)
2 (2.2)
0.37
Immunosuppression
9 (8.5)
3 (18.8)
6 (6.7)
0.11
Malignancy
6 (5.7)
2 (12.5)
4 (4.4)
0.20
Transplant
3 (2.8)
1 (6.3)
2 (2.2)
0.37
Bedbound before hospitalization, N (%)
28 (26.4)
2 (12.5)
26 (28.9)
0.17
Presenting symptoms, N (%)
Fever
41 (38.7)
5 (31.3)
36 (40.0)
0.51
RR > 30/min
34 (32.1)
10 (62.5)
24 (26.7)
0.005
Systolic BP < 90 mm Hg
9 (8.5)
3 (18.8)
6 (6.7)
0.11
T < 35 or >39.9°C
11 (10.4)
0 (0)
11 (12.2)
0.14
Pulse >125/min
20 (18.9)
5 (31.3)
15 (16.7)
0.17
Shortness of breath
96 (90.6)
16 (100)
80 (88.9)
0.16
Dry cough
25 (23.6)
5 (31.3)
20 (22.2)
0.43
Purulent cough
66 (62.2)
7 (43.8)
59 (65.5)
0.24
Chest pain
16 (15.1)
2 (12.5)
14 (15.6)
0.75
Myalgia/arthralgia
23 (21.7)
1 (6.3)
22 (24.4)
0.10
Fatigue
27 (25.5)
3 (18.8)
24 (26.7)
0.50
Headache
11 (10.4)
0 (0)
11 (12.2)
0.14
Hemoptysis
2 (1.9)
2 (12.5)
0 (0)
0.001
Pneumonia severity index, median (Q1, Q3)
107.0 (78.5, 129.8)
116.5 (91.0, 142.5)
105.0 (73.3, 128.8)
0.29
Laboratory findings, median (Q1, Q3)
10.95 (7.92, 14.13)
11.30 (8.32, 14.58)
10.95 (7.90, 14.10)
0.58
White blood cell (109/L)
74.4 (62.0, 81.90)
86.4 (77.0, 91.7)
74.0 (61.03, 80.0)
0.02
Neutrophil %
13.1 (9.28, 22.60)
5.7 (3.40, 9.70)
13.9 (10.0, 24.5)
0.01
Lymphocyte %
0.37 (0.32, 0.42)
0.31 (0.26, 0.39)
0.38 (0.33, 0.43)
0.006
Hematocrit
30.1 (26.8, 32.1)
30.9 (28.9, 34.0)
30.0 (26.7, 33.0)
0.19
PTT (seconds)
1.1 (1.1, 1.3)
1.2 (1.1, 1.5)
1.1 (1.1, 1.2)
0.11
INR
38 (35.8)
4 (25.0)
34 (37.8)
0.33
BUN >11 mmol/L, N (%)
136 (133, 139)
136 (135, 137.75)
136 (133, 139)
0.82
Sodium (meq/L)
88.0 (65.0, 136.0)
87.0 (83.3, 135.8)
88.0 (64.0, 136.0)
0.76
Creatinine (μmol/L)
1.7 (1.3, 2.7)
2.0 (1.6, 4.2)
1.6 (1.2, 2.6)
0.47
Lactic acid (mmol/L) pH
7.36 (7.30, 7.40)
7.38 (7.34, 7.44)
7.35 (7.30, 7.40)
0.14
PaO2 (mm Hg)
73.0 (61.2, 82.0)
78.3 (62.0, 122.3)
70.6 (59.0, 79.6)
0.12
Leukocytosis (white blood cell> 15.00 109/L, N (%)
20 (18.9)
3 (18.8)
17 (18.9)
1.0
Lymphopenia (<1000 × 106/L), N (%)
26/87 (29.9)
5/7 (71.4)
21/80 (26.3)
0.01
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, median (Q1, Q3)
5.9 (3.1, 8.4)
10.4 (6.0, 18.5)
5.2 (2.7, 8.0)
0.02
C-reactive protein (mg/L), median (Q1, Q3)
42.5 (23.0, 108.0)
30.2 (9.0, 72.0)
49.5 (23.0, 116.5)
0.38
C-reactive protein> 40 mg/L, N (%)
24/45 (53.3)
3/7 (42.9)
21/38 (55.3)
0.69
Procalcitonin (ng/ml), median (Q1, Q3)
0.10 (0.05, 0.56)
0.41 (0.12, 0.58)
0.08 (0.04, 0.56)
0.35
Procalcitonin> 0.5 ng/ml, N (%)
9/31 (29.0)
2/4 (50.0)
7/27 (25.9)
0.56
Bacterial coinfection, N (%)
7 (6.6)
6 (6.7)
1 (6.3)
1.0
Chest X-ray findings
Unilateral infiltrates
26/101 (25.7)
5/16 (31.3)
21/85 (24.7)
0.55
Bilateral infiltrates
47/101 (46/5)
11/16 (68.8)
36/85 (42.4)
0.06
Unilateral pleural effusion
22/101 (21.8)
3/16 (18.8)
19/85 (22.4)
1.0
Bilateral pleural effusion
16/101 (15.8)
3/16 (18.8)
13/85 (15.3)
0.71
Chest computed tomography findings
Unilateral infiltrates
6/20 (30)
2/6 (33)
4/14 (28.6)
1.0
Bilateral infiltrates
7/20 (35)
3/6 (50)
4/14 (28.6)
0.61
Unilateral pleural effusion
2/20 (10)
1/6 (16.7)
1/14 (7.1)
0.52
Bilateral pleural effusion
4/20 (20)
2/6 (33.3)
2/14 (14.3)
0.55
BMI: body mass index, BP: blood pressure, BUN: blood urea nitrogen, ICU: intensive care unit, INR: international normalized ratio PTT: partial thromboplastin time, Q1: first quartile, Q3: third quartile, RR: respiratory rate, and T: body temperature. Complete data to calculate PSI was available in only 42 patients. C-reactive protein level within 2 days of admission was available in 45 patients. Procalcitonin level within 2 days of admission was available in 31 patients. Data were missing for some patients. The denominator represents the number of patients with available data.
