Characteristics and Prognostic Nomogram for Primary Lung Lepidic Adenocarcinoma

Table 2

Univariate and multivariate analyses of OS in the training cohort of LPA patients (n = 3358).

Characteristics	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	HR (95% CI)		HR (95% CI)
Age (70–79 vs. 0–69)	1.3 (1.18, 1.44)	<0.001	1.27 (1.15, 1.4)	<0.001
Age (≥80 vs. 0–69)	2.03 (1.81, 2.27)	<0.001	1.58 (1.4, 1.78)	<0.001
Sex (female vs. male)	0.59 (0.54, 0.65)	<0.001	0.64 (0.58, 0.7)	<0.001
Race (Black vs. White)	1.22 (1.05, 1.42)	0.01	1 (0.86, 1.17)	0.978
Race (Others vs. White)	0.8 (0.73, 0.87)	<0.001	0.81 (0.74, 0.88)	<0.001
Marital status (married vs. single)	1.18 (1.08, 1.29)	<0.001	1.05 (0.95, 1.16)	0.308
Education (low vs. high)	1.1 (1, 1.19)	0.038	1.02 (0.92, 1.12)	0.711
Income (low vs. high)	1.04 (0.95, 1.14)	0.421	—	—
Laterality (right vs. left)	1.22 (1, 1.49)	0.053	1.06 (0.87, 1.3)	0.565
Lobe (middle vs. upper)	1.25 (1.13, 1.37)	<0.001	1.14 (1.04, 1.26)	0.006
Lobe (lower vs. upper)	1.95 (1.75, 2.18)	<0.001	1.35 (1.2, 1.51)	<0.001
Tumor size (≥3 and <5 cm vs. <3 cm)	3.52 (3.1, 3.99)	<0.001	2.02 (1.77, 2.31)	<0.001
Tumor size (≥5 cm vs. <3 cm)	6.31 (5.57, 7.14)	<0.001	2.03 (1.75, 2.36)	<0.001
Separate tumor nodules (yes vs. no)	2.65 (2.1, 3.35)	<0.001	0.9 (0.71, 1.15)	0.406
Perineural invasion (yes vs. no/unknown)	3.15 (1.89, 5.24)	<0.001	2 (1.19, 3.36)	0.009
Grade (II vs. I)	1.2 (1.07, 1.35)	0.002	1.19 (1.06, 1.34)	0.004
Grade (III vs. I)	1.92 (1.61, 2.29)	<0.001	1.6 (1.33, 1.92)	<0.001
Grade (IV vs. I)	0.74 (0.18, 2.95)	0.665	0.65 (0.16, 2.63)	0.551
TNM stage (II vs. I)	2.36 (1.9, 2.93)	<0.001	2.18 (1.74, 2.72)	<0.001
TNM stage (III vs. I)	3.31 (2.92, 3.74)	<0.001	2.26 (1.97, 2.61)	<0.001
TNM stage (IV vs. I)	6 (5.41, 6.65)	<0.001	3.18 (2.76, 3.66)	<0.001
Primary tumor surgery (yes vs. no/unknown)	0.19 (0.17, 0.21)	<0.001	0.42 (0.37, 0.48)	<0.001
Metastatic tumor surgery (yes vs. no/unknown)	1.1 (0.82, 1.47)	0.512	-	-
Radiotherapy (yes vs. no/unknown)	2.16 (1.94, 2.41)	<0.001	1.11 (0.98, 1.25)	0.097
Chemotherapy (yes vs. no/unknown)	2.16 (1.97, 2.36)	<0.001	0.76 (0.68, 0.84)	<0.001

CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio; LPA: lepidic adenocarcinoma; OS: overall survival.